Early bell tower
. This is a quiet and peaceful canals of all, even the famous KPL's head office, also located somewhere in this town. In this man, the magic era of coexistence, Aldebaran is a rare quiet.
the morning sun warm and dazzling. Mengtoutaishui lying under a tree, is a ruthless assassin --- devoid of the heart in front of him exudes a mysterious atmosphere, light and flexible Assassin Casual close on him. The morning dew dripping down from the leaves, but also awakened the sleeping assassin. the fresh rain, the human spirit lifted. just woke up --- also a dream come assassin edge of the river, won the stream, he served in the fingertips and face any of the flow. Department of the Department of body tights, his foot on the way to the all the peaceful path of the canal. As everyone knows, there are dozens of pairs of distant blood-red eyes, watching his every move hh
mysterious woman called
Canal Capital is the Kingdom of commodities Mega Stewart Center. Here you can buy any items you need. Here no less than the size of the capital market Prontera. dream of the union headquarters to KPL , in their storage services provided in the instructions to get this mission. in the hidden corners, he carefully opened the envelope. there are a glowing yellow stationery, trade unions and the long-familiar tone of the font immediately into the eyes of India . read the task, the dream into a memory h dream or a child, due to abandonment by their families, can only wander in the streets. is the union's long-relief of the starving him and his assassin teaching and basic combat skills. So long union is more like his father.
The task is to investigate the Clock Tower, 4th Floor, trade unions, said the mission is not long in trouble, but it is important to take seriously. thoughts fly I do not know where to dream absently reading the contents of the letter, but Unaware of the danger approaching quietly. wrapped in a whole body full of armor of the volume near the beetle has been quietly behind him h
Dancing with the magic wand sound pierced the air, Yi Chan also dream of my heart. turned and saw the body of the earth Monster can not help but blame from their own carelessness h
magic dust driven gradually dispersed, the shadow has become increasingly clear, the original is a magician. lenient magician hat can not stop following that Zhang Qingxiu face. > Sorry, I can not effort this little girl to play with you, but I did not let you help. I can handle it. up. > Old Clock Tower
in this vast land, not just home to humans. a long time ago, a powerful and respected sages, because too much power in the pursuit of powerful magic, even the darkness gradually into the taboo magic. in his own laboratory, the new mantra of continuous research and XX in the evil alchemist's help, to create a lot of terrible creatures, monsters Mozu gradually occupied the world. people in order to survival, and Mozu struggle for centuries. in a devastating war, families who are subject magic 2 no small injury. so calm the past century has been.
humans lose the short peace, continue training their own troops. where a powerful magician with psychic powers and the most revered holy knights. Aldebaran is located in the ancient clock tower, was once a gathering place Mozu. after being with the power of God pastor to seal up. so there is no power inside of civilians is absolutely not to go into. To this end the Knights of Prontera have sent a team of dedicated crusade to guard here. But they still dream of it for purely equal display. disguise to let him blend with the surrounding environment. So he easily entered the heavily guarded tower.
because no one cleaning and care of a long time, the Clock Tower which is broken. But the time is still a century bell tower so accurate that no one can explain why, this is the focus of this mission. also dream a smooth entry to the 2nd floor and found a strange iron gate. to say what is surprising is not the door is made of special materials, but here exudes a divine breath. Dream Mangjiang boxing edge block in the chest, went up to the blow. but it was really too big a monster effort, the dream was repulsed five steps. looked up and saw a huge bell tower guard who has been standing in his body before another rapid arm who spent the wooden hammer. looking for traces of his body. and dreams long hid it with camouflage behind. immediately saw the opportunity to play high Longitudinal, in the hands of boxing skills along with the start edge. woven into a dense foil. just an instant.
distant dream that falls steadily. guardian of the body has already turned into pieces, scattered on the floor. dream away coldness of the assassination of glowing fist edge, move into the dark.
See magician
the clock in the kill countless strange and ancient magic bell, the dream was some of why he did not physically. Waste spirit of power, not last long.
syrup in the drink after the last bottle of white, dream body, there were no supplies. but still a steady stream of monsters coming. attacked by something. But in addition to dust of the earth kind of freak are not.
severely hit by this monster a bit, hit the wall. dreams slowly get up, wipe the blood swab mouth, revealing a trace of forced smile. for the sake of rebound toxicity, who has covered the monster venom, body also significantly out of shape. impressively against the most formidable is the ordinary white ghost h even dream of energetic Shangqie trouble dealing with it, let alone that he has no strength at this time h Assassin's dignity, however this does not allow him to escape. wearing boxing edge of both hands into his chest. the body. it is already feeling powerless. and more are still anonymous out of the white ghost. the red barrier, how any white spirit is not broken dark red also hit the wall of protection.
dream Wensheng looked in the morning again met the magician in front of him. she approached a little, but also to put their own a dark wall, and then began to recite the mantra of moving some of did not understand. powerful spiritual forces immediately surrounded the white ghost in this room have felt h of death threats, more frenzied attack. Kang-long spell is finally over, the girl holding hands magic wand. surgery!!! break the ice ball technique, freed dream drenched, cold, shivering.
girl with the flame of the fire wall also had a heap. dream of sitting before the fire, keep the upper and lower teeth, trembling, heart curse Road, there was this crazy day I want to kill the woman. The girl took off his coat draped over the dream body. took off his hat and sat on the edge of its sole discretion. cold and slightly eased the point, the dream girl come from a pair of observed Shui Ling's big eyes staring at the flame; tall nose, against the background of a naughty mouth following.
hair is very long, draped over the back of her. h figure is also very good here, just think of the dream that the girl is stare with him. the girl asked, said the mother, the girl's eyes darkened, and said, , the dream of a move in mind, name. I'm conscious, you call me ding it! But the Crusaders in front of just let you get in. is really a group of idiots. ; tingle cunning smile. two further and further deep in conversation.
With the help of magician, the dream was to save a lot of physical strength, did not waste any effort or energy delivery point to the clock tower 4th floor. But the Imagine the dream is almost here, and there is no monster. strange atmosphere here. one wearing a red hat, column crutch of the griffin.
imprisoned us in this. for the people is the family to survive. Are you not afraid to die so! Baron smiled contemptuously. nearby. secretly surprised Baron speed of response. a face ding shouted: Do not worry ah young man, finally some family there. We want to enjoy it. , not to interrupt her Monster chant magic. Baron and leaders constantly bombarded with lightning technique with dreams, dreams have been cleverly avoided the use of blur and dodge back. suddenly disappeared Baron found a dream! ?! also half the man just now.
he went around to one of the very high speed behind the leader, his hands crossed on his chest boxing climbed into a cross, the body has very low pressure, the moment condensed the ambient air h. the ground, clothes falling slowly shawl.
condensation of air burst open, the head of the body broken into nine, reduced to ashes disappear in the air, only the tattered clothes falling down. just a dream When in combat, the magic of Tinker chant is completed, the number of root Frostbolt huge fall from the sky, the other trapped in the icicles in only Baron on, he hit his surgery thunderstorms crushing blow.
clean out two leaders, the dream of the atmosphere continue to search for the Baron. In the Teleport Department, and ready to call for more leaders. to see their whereabouts were exposed to the bite Baron teleport behind the hands of the cane at great speed and striking to the ringing. To move to stop the action of Baron impossible.
dream boxing yards against the chest, close your eyes with the spiritual power of rapid aggregation, body radiates a purple light, when light shines into the most time to dream of them all aggregation Ren Quan , the force cut through the air, a moment of purple light cut issue. eyes filled with anger. baron looked to be cut off the body, shouted air, his face filled with fatigue. recovered from the horror of being conscious, hurried from the bag and pulled out a few items carry the blue-chip herbs, the dream helped him against the wall to sit down and eat the herbs. red eyes looking at the Ding Dong, the dream suddenly felt a bit distressed. , ah? how I've never seen it? amazing ah h parrot what put that ugly defeat the h more dangerous, you'd better not go. Otherwise, let me save you again. You mad woman h vain! Well ~ before the arrival of Chuansong Zhen, closely rely on each other. magic starts running, the wind in their rapid spinning around. magic to send a strong light, the two figure are surrounded by light, and gradually disappear . And when the last trace of light disappears in the air, surrounded by dark past has returned with silence. as they come to the same h is the distance before dark, it seems someone in the dark about something h
guardian
energy fluctuations gradually weakened, the dark figure appeared in two .4 floor is still cold and dark, gear delivery platform, insight into the guard around the situation. There is no monster, quiet, very scary. In retrospect, this dream of instructions received, in addition to investigating the secrets of the Clock Tower 4, there is to find an iron box. President said What is the box he was not clear, however, that if employers found it to be a safe return. President also said that the legendary Tower 4 is a more powerful Mozu settlements, asking him to be careful.
dream the dark for a long time, but can not find any strange things. Even the monster is not one, let alone what the iron box. dreams disappointed leaning against the wall, his right hand clenched devoid of heart. He looked h. bite distant hope he does not know by now, whether the wrong h
Dream hear the jingle of the call, walked quickly went to her side. The mission was not his goal?! dream of excitement said, silver, top, tightly surrounded by chains, plus a strange big lock. boxes distributed around the cold penetrated the cold, looking at the iron box dream focused, completely surrounded by are not aware of any strange. He has to speak, behind the shadows Jumping, the thing he rushed to the rapid. dreams quickly climbed fist clenched in the hand, the cross in his head turn. room. surrounding atmosphere is also full of terror.
dream of being this huge force for pressing her hands trembled slightly. He looked up, a huge black blade between the pressure in his head. dream wave force, the monster back to the distance. huge cross blade, supported by chains in the earth. the top of the blade is a one-eyed terror. he comes out of the momentum, scared enough to make most people tremble with fear. because the sword itself is a tough, so No weaknesses. hard sharp blade, and can attack either defense. is a very powerful role. must have just two pillars that was his hiding place to go.
dream no time to think, for murderers of God are high the vertical leaps and hard chop it off. dreams barely parry with, boxing simply can not afford climbed such a terrible force. murderers of God to those who dream of an instant mobile flash behind the purple light around the body. ! ! , for murderers of God, brandished blade down force of the cut and dark wall and knocked the sword blade sparks fierce, dark wall also appeared a rift has been attacked can not afford to second.
killing God who float in the air, surrounded by purple light it again, Ding Dong. dreams rush yards with his fist Dangxia its attacks. fist climbed in the violent crash occurred a split in the cross, the dream was this powerful force to the concussion. His face was filled with pain, but still roar to the sound of the ground. dream looked back and cut through the air drops of blood fall to the ground, a red light on the ground getting blood from a blossoming flower h Doraemon no empty pupil color, a silver sword stabbed her in the chest pass. sting like a body falling leaves, straight backward on the ground thinking dream h h h
condensation at this moment, the Knights appeared
the bright red blood with a temperature , who continue to fall from the sword. blade back for a smoke, raging blood immediately gushed from the wound. bites gradually accumulated beside a pool of bloody water from the murderers of God in the distance h, with its one-eyed silently watching all this. time to condense at this moment, the dream called out the name of bite, but blocked his throat like a mass of things, how are unable to pronounce the sound. dream of a blank brain, blood-red eyes only fell to the ground lifeless bites back h
a knight riding Toucan Lord rushed over, his eyes full of love and affection h jump from the island at the mouth, one knee beside the bite, one of its tightly in my arms. h He has done his back as the assassin. He waved his right hand forced, the killing of God's great to fly the distance the blade hit. footsteps of flexible, changing the assassination of boxing Ren pointed to a cold heart Lord. Lord aware of the dream action, it will shield behind him, hand, violent play it down. lord jump jumped off the side of dreams, the jingle light on the ground. right out of Cross Sword, is a mind towards the dream of slash. two of the violent collision of arms in the air, sparks constant splash to the ground. Lord bite and said, .
a skull. and killing those huge body of God than the executioner was much smaller, but his super-tough blade and the power of God who has no less than killing. executioner then speak of a skull , and the sound came from the delivery point. One wore a red robe of the High Priest in the sight of everyone.
a hundred times the speed of accelerated healing. Knight looked at the Priest frowned, So I'll be kind of great to help you slightly! West monster! injured, very serious to please you, she h h . executioner to release the purple light, to sneer, fighting
executioner's blade glowing silver, due to the adhesion energy and more resilient. Knights Cross Sword Lord greeted grip, 2 swords in a violent crash with, he just will executioner attack to block it back. The Knight's hands trembled lord. Lord Knight preparedness severely cut down. dreams quickly jumped to the lord knights behind, with the punch blade Dangxia the blow. the stand, in front of them are two legendary Shadowbane. They pack away, come back with you afterwards. on the first. and the killing of God who has escaped the blow, turned toward the knight from the lord high vertical cut off. knight lord cross from the ground and pulled out the sword, Dangxia Shadowbane attack.
2 sword tear Ming cross together, but did not damage Maken, knights lords to the low mutter, No matter what kind of attack can not damage the blade its resilience. The blow, then hidden refuge underground, and the skill of the Unseen teeth. numerous to straight teeth and striking towards the executioner, its teeth can not be tied to the ground move. a dream switch to camouflage themselves quietly close to the executioner next to the machine to start looking for weaknesses in Stanford.
executioner then break out of their own strength, hollow skull hilt eyes are locked position of the dream, then launched the guise of dark attack will break the dream. dreams are Dark attack hit his chest, a strong attack to make dreams a blood spray.
dream wipe the blood stains on the mouth, I do not know how to deal with chagrin. distant lord knight has seen it all, he and those who kill God also played for a long time, still did not make an effective attack. knights lords clearly know, then this is definitely a delay to their disadvantage, then turned to the priest shouted, understand the cat mind being treated, got up and ran to the nearby Lord Knight, his hands on his chest chanted the sacred mantra. . He dropped the sword to restore, pointing to kill God, who said, a soft light. When the light becomes glaring when the lord knight shouted to the Murder with his one-eyed god who watched it all, feeling is somewhat bad, rushed up and shoved. knight lord cross swords with both hands, forced to kill God, who hit back.
Aura sword! were cut off. powerful impact forces to kill God, who appeared in a black crack in the blade. knights lords play hard under a light cut was issued, crashed into the tower with anger straight walls, the walls of the energy fluctuations knocked a hole.
the sun through the gap in the outside world according to a recent, 4 minutes of darkness was illuminated. killing God, who is also in the soft sunlight break into two, into a common cross fell to the on the ground, that's one-eyed infiltration disappeared, leaving only a hollow. knights lords will cross swords stuck in the ground, leaning the body to lie down. clergyman came quickly, concerned that asked,bailey UGG boots, lord gasped, looked up said drink, and you have a good lay to rest. assassins there seems to have trouble, I went to see if I can help. dreams with sharp attacks on those who suppressed the killing of God, so that jingle have time to chant magic. However, Offensive rounds down, not only physical attacks have little effect, even the powerful magic can not cause strong damage. dream frowned, ; Damn! What do the non-use of non-h said breathlessly, ! fast to me. Doraemon magic for me and the time, do not let him interrupt me! another way of your usefulness h. mineral catalysis, as the executioner in one fell swoop petrochemical media! chanted a spell. cleric scroll open on the ground to lift the reel to the old mantra of the seal.
executioner aware of approaching danger, but in the dream can not be cloned under fierce attack. When Ding finished the last chant A Rune, the red magic ore particles for numerous changes, wrapped round the executioner. dream away with the back to avoid the center of the red, bright red light when another disappears, the executioner had been trapped in situ can not move petrochemicals. This seal has been lifted when the priest, facing the dream shouted, . flame quickly burned up on the edge of boxing, boxing silver edge of the assassination of a sudden become red. No time! Our plan ...!!!! dream, you are not. brow, and said seriously,
Monday, December 20, 2010
Sunday, December 19, 2010
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Chapter VI of bad debts, such as the tiger (or financial capital robbery)
2005 年 1 19, the laid-off workers from Sichuan, China Zhang Xiaolin set himself on fire in front of China Securities Regulatory Commission. Four years ago, Zhang Xiaolin 20 million investment loan stocks, but Zhang self-immolation before the rest of his account only 1 million.
as the macro background of this personal tragedy, China's emerging stock market falling for four years. counting from the highest point, the index was almost cut down the middle. In China, tens of millions of investors lose money, but Zhang is a member of the ordinary. Its unique only in that he interpreted in a tragic way to have a devastating financial crisis. For only only 20 years of market history, has been enjoying pleasant for China's economic growth, the financial crisis has occurred in the distant land far away events. but the above is highly sensitive because the disclosure of which has not been a formal event implies, the financial crisis could has crept into the daily life of Chinese people.
a miracle of bad debts behind Tiger
China's sustained economic growth record of 20 years of so called miracles, because it can not reach the ordinary people and, reach beyond the explanatory power of conventional wisdom. So, what unique factors which promote China's economic miracle? In our view, China's economic miracle in the promotion of all the factors, the Chinese financial system played a unique secret weapon like a key role. its importance, no matter how estimates can not be overstated. Therefore, the interpretation of China's financial system, China's economic miracle has become a critical interpretation of a ring.
essential feature of China's financial system is its high degree of bureaucratic monopoly. This characteristic, despite 26 years of reform and not a little change. For this reason, China's financial system is generally considered the most sluggish pace in the reform areas. China's financial industry characteristics of high government monopoly, regardless of ownership in the financial business, or in the financial business executive recruitment procedures, all performed very obvious. we can see, whether in banking, insurance or securities industry, financial institutions are almost entirely of government companies . The high degree of identity of ownership of any other industry can match. Many people in an obsolete paradigm of these enterprises as state-owned enterprises, but in fact, due to the reform process, the bureaucracy completely hijacked the government and countries, these enterprises have been stolen, in essence, replaced by bureaucratic enterprises. Thus, the personnel executives of these arrangements, in effect become a kind of bureaucratic fat, or points within the system of political appointment, rather than through market to find the optimal allocation of human resources. in the Chinese financial companies, if you can find the origin of the main leaders of non-bureaucratic, will be a sort of a small miracle. a light to help spread outside joke bureaucratic culture to understand the truth of the Chinese financial sector: a Office of the Governor of the Bank's can exist, is really the shame of the financial sector. appendage, into the bureaucracy to achieve its political and economic goals of a ever increasing demands of tool. its different stages of reform differ only in that it is more a tool for local government, or the central government's tool. the Chinese financial system that arises from the tragic development.
the financial system as a market economy, the most basic core structure, the importance of self-evident. in the normal market economy, financial markets function in accordance with market principles or capital funds allocated to the best one. It would have been should the direction of financial reform in China. However, in the right direction of financial reform, China's bureaucratic system does not meet the appetite. In the reform period, China's bureaucratic system has a look at them more important and more urgent task. This is the economic growth and wealth redistribution. Therefore, they must follow their own will to manipulate the financial markets. the exclusive monopoly of the financial system to become a necessary requirement to achieve this goal. China's bureaucratic system, the finance is not a power to meddle in other people, not a citizen and organization the right to an equal share of the market. is generally believed that China's financial reforms lag because of the sensitivity and complexity of the financial reform of the To. But the deeper reason is the financial system any meaningful reform of the bureaucratic system may lead to the erosion of an exclusive monopoly. but also because of this reason, China's financial reform, more than 20 years, although on the surface of bustling . This is not only an economic task, which is China's bureaucratic system requirements of the legitimacy of the existence of the overriding political task. In this way, high economic growth of China's bureaucratic system is actually turned into an insurmountable political hard constraints. This hard constraints on China's financial system, which is a sustained and serious pressure. This is the so-called Enterprise generous blood transfusion policy, in the mid-1990s, after the reform is mainly for the period of state-owned enterprises continue to breed out of the new financial concessions, the performance of the projects supported by all levels of government financial support, the performance of the hot spots, hot industry (such as recent real estate, cars, etc.) into the undisciplined credit. of China's bureaucratic system for providing such financial support is an important criterion is to see whether they can promote economic growth in the short term, even if This growth needs to pay a heavy price. provided that they meet this standard will have a strong driving force at all levels of government to provide them financial support. It should be noted that in the late 1990s, grew up in the new state-owned enterprises and government project company, in essence, residual claim on one of those bureaucrats who are within the corporate bureaucracy, the loss of wealth than the amazing ability is worse than the traditional state-owned enterprises. Here, the financial markets is no longer the principle of risk-based allocation of resources and benefits means, but the bureaucratic system to support its political goal of a high-growth policy tools. for economic growth is. no more direct than the financial role and can play an influential tool. China's bureaucratic system at all levels to support its financial as tool of choice of policy objectives, it is a very much in line be a mismatch. we all know, high level of investment has been to support the rapid growth of China's economy a major factor. but followed a general confusion, in the micro-economic efficiency of such a downturn, this high level of investment rate is how to maintain it, it actually rely on to maintain the self-cycle? The answer is: the Government's financial support (the growth rate is only supported). In order to achieve such financial support, financial resources must be full monopoly. Without the bureaucratic system that is based on the spare no effort to monopolize the financial support of China's high investment rate simply can not sustain, (China's economy will not be anything drastic Unfortunately, this political and financial support is often staggering waste of financial resources as a cost. political growth rate of the request for the more demanding, less waste of financial resources is enormous.
view of the above in the Chinese financial system to cope with various accusations, the Chinese officials are very happy to blame the problem posed by the financial support of vigilance. because it is likely to cover up China's finance in the transition period is another important function, that is, services are also subject to powerful need for redistribution of wealth function. China's power elite, how to use their power for the Chinese bureaucratic system of wealth grab the biggest share of the distribution, is another in the history of the reform period with the overwhelming task. This is not just the stock of the redistribution of wealth redistribution of wealth, too, including the incremental redistribution of wealth. and the sounding of the economy growth compared to the target, although a redistribution of wealth, the question can not be disclosed, but is also one of China's reform era of important historical themes, is the dominant behavior of the Chinese bureaucratic system reform, a key consideration of the nature of hard constraints. it is even more than financial support is more important historical theme. For convenience, the financial redistribution of wealth may be the fastest growing channel because it is the direct management reform period, the financial bureaucracy will become the most desirable means of redistribution of wealth. China's financial sector, cases of corruption after another proof of this. In this regard, the Bank of China Kaiping branch of the culmination of corruption cases can be described. In 1993 and 2001 years, this bank before and after the three-term governor of Yu embezzled 483 million total, equivalent to 40 billion yuan. Of course, Yu Zhendong, who was never a lack of successors. The latest event was the end of 2004 Bank of China branch in Harbin Branch Creek Pine Street, two officials of corruption, fled after the 10 billion yuan of public funds overseas. Corruption is not the bank's patent, other Chinese financial enterprises in this regard are not much better. Chenzhou, Hunan Province, a charge of housing Fund officials of the rank of very low Li Shubiao, corruption 120 million yuan for gambling in Macau, and in a very short amount of time lost public funds. such corruption in China's financial system, common, large, like Wang Xuebing, Liu Like Campbell, senior officials (in the process of writing this chapter, there are reports that China Construction Bank chairman Zhang Enzhao facing investigation for corruption scandal, which is the most senior bank officials involved in corruption scandals, the latest example. It is ironic, Zhang is As a result of corruption, Wang Xuebing to step down as the successor to the president of China Construction Bank. on the to as Li Shubiao, Yu Zhendong, the flow of low-level staff, almost no level of bank officials not involved in corruption scandals. the scandal as much, with one-liners to describe that China has formed a Zhendong, Li Shubiao the like bold and reckless corporate kinds of legitimate financial fraud in China's financial system is not only long, and even has become a corporate and financial insiders to get rich quick, a standard way. The consequence of this is in the balance sheet of China's financial system, but can not find those responsible mountain financial bad debt. one from within China's financial system has Dabao anonymous insider said: unspoken rules: Who can borrow, who can immediately be rich. This is called a loan to get rich. In fact, many wealthy Chinese are a little bit of black humor by the unspoken rules and direct means to get rich. For them the so-called project or business is just a cover only. Bank of China Xie Ping, the Secretary chaired a study found that China's financial corruption index reached 5.42. because of the financial corruption index seems to be the exclusive invention of Chinese scholars, the index no for national comparison, but generally means that China has a very high degree of financial corruption. It is clearly in people's daily experience. However, China's financial system is essentially a bureaucratic system, the so-called financial corruption, bureaucratic power is really only corruption. financial corruption and the corruption of power is entirely the same issue. power corruption and financial corruption, although only one word, but its meaning and the associations are very different. In this sense, financial corruption index is misleading. But anyway, China's financial system suffers from systemic corruption is a fairly established fact. systemic financial corruption during the transition period in China, the process of redistribution of wealth is extremely important as a tool to allow all the energy of its money-laundering Other tools are lagging far behind. Though the way can not be measured quantitatively, but look at the frequent outbreaks of the rich and the Chinese financial corruption scandals and the collusion between, and we will know it. Marx once said, Finance is the internal plunder. This conclusion is not always correct, but in a corrupt bunch of countries, this conclusion is surely correct, but for China, during the transition period, this conclusion can be regarded as wisdom.
In the event of corruption in the dark, the Chinese bureaucracy to the policy of imposing name, at different times by different interest groups to give financial support, but also created a significant redistribution of wealth effect. Through the availability of funds and funding control of monopoly prices, the Chinese bureaucratic system can almost be at any time for any reason, will jointly create a national financial resources to special interest groups in exchange for their short-term compliance, cooperation or loyalty. For example, a large bureaucratic enterprises in China can use their political influence to obtain cheap funding and long-term loans or even free of charge (now, many of the official close of the so-called private enterprises have gradually squeezed into this camp), and those who have long been excluded from the political right to vote outside of the various types of enterprises ( including many now in the political state-owned enterprises has been insignificant) was completely unable to equal sharing of financial resources, or to obtain funds only by high prices. This mandatory financial support and financial discrimination, in fact, the mandatory distribution of wealth . No doubt, the Chinese bureaucracy can often be hit by this means they are short-term political or economic objectives, but equally no doubt that this short-term political opportunism is the long-term financial success but for the price mismatch. < br> In the transition period, China's bureaucratic system of financial support given to political finance and political redistribution of wealth, the special features of China's financial causing serious injury. in the range can be calculated, most of the cost of reform in China are precipitated in the financial system, financial strange is that, it can be such a cost to the future goes on, so as to minimize the pain felt by present and oscillation. As a consequence, China's financial system in supporting China's rapid economic growth It also created the world only to see the financial history of the default rate. from any point of view, deposits in the Chinese financial system of bad debts are like a fierce tiger. tiger dormant in the shadow of China's economic miracle, may be pretentious at any time the miracle of this issue of the fatal blow.
In fact, this continued fight already has begun. its crackdown from the Chinese central government has to pay for the cost of glimpse.
Asian financial crisis brought about by the shock and awe, inspired the Chinese central government on China's potential financial crisis, the sense of urgency. to save the tottering financial system in China, the Chinese central government launched a rare financial rescue operation scale. This continued rescue operations is based on four major state-owned banks of China Ministry of Finance to issue special treasury bonds as the symbol In 1998, China's remarkable speed of the Ministry of Finance and Commercial Bank, Agricultural Bank of China, Construction Bank issued 270 billion yuan treasury bonds to ease the Four banks with capital deficit of urgency. Then, in 1999, the central government and from the four major banks stripped 1.5 trillion yuan of bad debt. This shows how many political leaders of China's drive to reform the financial system, however, Chinese leaders vigor seems to fall far short of China's financial bad cooling enthusiasm for the production line. saw was in 2006 near the eve of opening up the financial system in 2004, the Chinese government had once again launched a large-scale financial aid. opened in 2004, the Chinese government announced, with 45 billion U.S. dollars foreign exchange reserves (about 400 billion yuan) to China Construction Bank, Bank of China and the supplementary capital and in the same year in June, again from the Bank of China, Construction Bank of stripping 278.7 billion yuan of bad debt. and Meanwhile, the Chinese government to prepare for the same listed Bank of Communications, China's fifth largest bank divestiture 60 billion yuan of bad debt. However, the intense 2004, the financial rescue the financial system does not include the two chronic Bank of China Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and asset quality Agricultural Bank of China is more inferior. Similarly the government bank, to obtain relief other three banks, ICBC and Agricultural Bank of China that will surely get similar treatment. However, if the capital adequacy ratio to meet the most basic, light Industrial and Commercial Bank, a need to add 4000 billion yuan, and in accordance with the Standard & Poor's estimates, the Agricultural Bank of the worst quality of assets to achieve the same standards need to add at least 150 billion U.S. dollars, or about 1.2 trillion yuan. In so doing, the Chinese government initiated a new round in 2004 Bank rescue exercise, also need to spend a minimum 2.3 trillion yuan. plus 1998 to 1999 that a 1.8 trillion yuan, the Chinese government will rescue four banks to spend nearly 4.1 trillion yuan. that engulfed the Chinese astronomical over 40% of GDP. for an image that is to say, in 2004, all the Chinese people in China's banking system is free to work more than 5 months. China's banking system is really hard act to destroy wealth. need to be mentioned , we roughly above the central bank statistics did not include various forms of local commercial banks, trust companies, credit unions and other small financial institutions, rescue operations, such rescue since the 1990s been quietly conducted in the the total cost of about several hundred billion dollars.
bad loans and traditional bank product line, the Chinese new financial bad line the collapse of the wave of large-scale, scope, affecting almost all the famous old securities firm, the Government had to be the central bank re-lending and other forms of saving. It is estimated that China's system of hidden bad loans of state-owned securities billion yuan in 2000. This figure the hundreds of trillions of Bank of China compared to the figures do not seem surprising, but compared to the Chinese brokerage's asset size, it is a very alarming rate. in China continue to expand the scale of the other assets of the insurance industry in the financial industry, danger are not much better, its liquidity risk and solvency in the future so that observers are very worried. In particular, need to be mentioned that the Chinese securities firms and China's emerging capital markets has been considered a product of China's reform, and is so the product of a reform, but now has become a destruction of wealth and financial corruption synonymous. This can not be said to be a great irony. This phenomenon also shows that manufacturing of bad debt may simply not so-called traditional (before the reform already existing) state-owned enterprises, but in the The real culprit of financial bad manufacturing.
Since 1998 the scale of China's financial rescue operation and frequency, China actually has a financial crisis, although this crisis is not the kind of swift and severe form of oscillation shown, but its national welfare caused substantial damage, not at all inferior to the former. However, these costly financial rescue operation for our future does not buy an insurance policy, China's financial outlook remains perilous. < br> Second, the Tigers Stopped
to blame for the bad financial state-owned enterprises and the planned economic system, economic circles in China is a very popular way of thinking. a well-known economist, and even asserted: financial reform The success or failure lies in state-owned enterprises. This is undoubtedly a habit of thinking of the wrong diagnosis. because, as a basis for financial support and financial corruption of the system is not universally condemned as early as the traditional planned economy, but was born in the reform and reform continue to be copied out of the disease. This is the most worrisome of China's financial characteristics of bad debt. In this sense, large-scale financial rescue again to no avail.
1998 years later also proved that indeed the case. to a large number of government stripping of bad debts and to continue to replenish capital of financial enterprises at the same time, China's financial risk but in order to follow almost exactly the same way before the re-accumulation. as well as state aid as a result of the final guarantor of financial companies operating on the self-indulgence, generally known as promote a new round of economic growth can be described as our best. from the central government level, mainly marked by large-scale issuing treasury bonds. issuing treasury bonds on the surface, it seems out of the stereotype of over-reliance on the banking system, but most of the so-called bond-financed projects must be matched large number of bank loans. This is actually still is a typical political During 1998 to 2004, nearly 2 trillion of debt supporting the loan, nearly 800 billion yuan of bad loans. For China's bureaucratic financial system, the amount of bad debt losses has not inspire our surprise, we were surprised that the financial support to. At this point, we can hardly hope that a miracle happens. However, we thus can see that for political legitimacy, China has been and will finance to pay the original capital.
Although a great deal of effort devoted and money, but the Chinese government expect new growth cycle, but it has long been a not move. until the end of 2002, when local government is not always a good face on Zhu Rongji, will bid farewell to politics, local government finally can safely join the chorus GDP After a new round of economic growth before the so-called final report was officially launched. this one, driven by real estate and car upgrade the so-called consumption, has played a key driving (both in consumption and investment) effect. was thus that China there is a new round of economic growth in consumption as a support, is different. But the depth of its internal, a new round of economic growth, there is nothing unique to the Department, because the essence of China's bureaucratic system is still available financial support. , but it shows the characteristics of China, so we have good reason to judge the government's financial support, is a national credit cheap transportation to the market. In China, consumer credit has been strongly advocated and encouraged the government , the rush of a scene resembling the traditional slack, lack of discipline of the degree, and goes for the past few. The results, in just a few years, the Chinese ratio of household debt in many major cities close to and over the United States. the best way to symbolize China's ; the model city of Shanghai as an example, the proportion of household debt has surpassed the United States in 2004, reaching 155%, while the ability to measure indicators of household debt repayment rate is even more debts and liabilities of up to 58.36%, far exceeding the 18 United States %. [1] (No wonder people ridicule: China's economic growth is borrowed from economic growth. in such a short time in reached such a high debt ratio, so we have reason to suspect that China's market capacity of the country's future) in China, the transformation of expected income rather unstable countries, such a high rate of the debts and liabilities may lead to great financial risk is entirely speculative. In fact, the financial risk is not just a guess. there are indications, the end of 2003 more than 1800 billion auto loan balance, nearly 100 billion can not be recovered. [2] and in the absolute share of total consumer credit real estate loans, frequent 骗贷, abnormal price earnings ratio unstable family expected income, and bank risk control bureaucratic motivation and professionalism, have aroused wide concerns about bad housing loans. The People's Bank of Shanghai in early 2005, according to a report published in 2004, Shanghai The new loans, real estate loans have accounted for about 80%. Corresponding to this, the Central Bank of China, Mr. Xie Ping also reminds us: China is now the size of loans, real estate collateral has been accounted for half. without regard to other details, alone such a high concentration of loans, they can smell one of the precarious atmosphere. real estate loans as a longer term, the risk of default is not in the short term exposure, but once the reversal of market trends, and its bad debts intensity of the outbreak than any other industry counterparts. this case, much of the Japanese real estate bubble burst more than a decade caused by the recession, the recent real estate frenzy of Hong Kong to create a large number of ;, the difference is that China's financial system much more fragile than Japan, but also whether a Hong Kong.
economic growth in the dark to launch a new round of financial support, the Chinese bureaucracy, the financial resources necessary to develop not only limited to traditional banks, they even playing the Social Security Fund's attention. It is reported that Shenzhen has been fighting for policies to take advantage of the city's accumulated investment in infrastructure, social security funds. In China, which is tantamount to a losing gambling games. In view of various types of insurance funds (especially pensions) has become an increasingly important financial tools, the ability to gather funds are very powerful, we particularly need to guard against the bureaucratic system in order to such funds to replace state-owned banks powerless as the new 7 percent. Compared with other countries, China's unusually higher than the figure twice as many people. [3], an intuitive interpretation of this data is that almost all of them are doing business without capital. When most companies are using the bank's money interpretation is more deep, after 26 years of rapid economic growth, China at the enterprise level simply did not happen efficient capital accumulation. enterprise, but a sense of the word of the loan instruments. The truth about that a wide range of private foundation inject a package of reforms as the main means and rescue measures. But unfortunately, China's financial has not been a new vibrating brush. The reason is: The Chinese bureaucratic system to give the financial system, and not the slightest change. particularly in the so-called 2002 officially launched the new round of economic growth, China's state-owned banking system immediately relapse, has created yet another record-breaking monetary expansion and investment frenzy. According to the China Banking Regulatory Commission's data, Chinese state-owned commercial Bank of the end of 2003 the proportion of non-performing loans 21%, which is obviously still a ridiculously high risk data. In view of the official data credibility problem has always existed, observers generally estimate the defect rate of the Chinese state-owned banks is much higher than that figure. the international level agency Standard & Poor ear level estimates, mainland banks non-performing loans ratio of total loans as high as 35%. But even the official data is authentic, only after taking into account the extraordinary 2002 currency the rate of expansion and economic overheating, and people can expect in the coming years, China will appear and a new peak of non-performing loans. a Chinese scholars estimate that in 2005 after three years, China's financial system bad assets of around 800 billion will be added each year. This means that in the next few years, China's financial system, the proportion of non-performing assets, will be 21% of the high base has increased significantly. familiar with the Chinese people can judge the economic situation, once China assets and the manufacturing sector expanding bubble (this will be the next few years the Chinese economy in the high probability event), China's financial system rapidly rising non-performing asset ratio will be an inevitable outcome. This means that, after years of rescue and reform China's financial system will return to the mid-1990s high-risk status. China's financial system is still a subject to explosion, equivalent high time bomb. Do not think the financial crisis will only eat the same laid-off workers like Zhang Xiaolin, In a financial crisis, the so-called new middle class in China is also doomed.
since the 1990s, China's financial system has been in a high-risk state, even under the worst of commercial standards, China's state-owned banking system should also be bankrupt numerous times. But what is puzzling is that China's financial system is not only not bankrupt, but the energy is still a strong driving China's economic growth. So, what the Chinese exclusive path to enlightenment, to create such a financial maverick wonders?
three tightrope balance
China's financial system survive the long-term stake but one of the secrets falling is because China has a high savings rate. The Chinese people seem born to save the animals. in terms of what difficult circumstances, they can, like magic to provincial money, savings for the future. This habit of compulsive creation of the world's national savings rate is second to none. a long time, China's savings rate has been maintained at 40%. But the vast majority of Chinese savers do not know what they super-thrifty savings this ability come from, like the arm of China's financial system as barely ...
2005 年 1 19, the laid-off workers from Sichuan, China Zhang Xiaolin set himself on fire in front of China Securities Regulatory Commission. Four years ago, Zhang Xiaolin 20 million investment loan stocks, but Zhang self-immolation before the rest of his account only 1 million.
as the macro background of this personal tragedy, China's emerging stock market falling for four years. counting from the highest point, the index was almost cut down the middle. In China, tens of millions of investors lose money, but Zhang is a member of the ordinary. Its unique only in that he interpreted in a tragic way to have a devastating financial crisis. For only only 20 years of market history, has been enjoying pleasant for China's economic growth, the financial crisis has occurred in the distant land far away events. but the above is highly sensitive because the disclosure of which has not been a formal event implies, the financial crisis could has crept into the daily life of Chinese people.
a miracle of bad debts behind Tiger
China's sustained economic growth record of 20 years of so called miracles, because it can not reach the ordinary people and, reach beyond the explanatory power of conventional wisdom. So, what unique factors which promote China's economic miracle? In our view, China's economic miracle in the promotion of all the factors, the Chinese financial system played a unique secret weapon like a key role. its importance, no matter how estimates can not be overstated. Therefore, the interpretation of China's financial system, China's economic miracle has become a critical interpretation of a ring.
essential feature of China's financial system is its high degree of bureaucratic monopoly. This characteristic, despite 26 years of reform and not a little change. For this reason, China's financial system is generally considered the most sluggish pace in the reform areas. China's financial industry characteristics of high government monopoly, regardless of ownership in the financial business, or in the financial business executive recruitment procedures, all performed very obvious. we can see, whether in banking, insurance or securities industry, financial institutions are almost entirely of government companies . The high degree of identity of ownership of any other industry can match. Many people in an obsolete paradigm of these enterprises as state-owned enterprises, but in fact, due to the reform process, the bureaucracy completely hijacked the government and countries, these enterprises have been stolen, in essence, replaced by bureaucratic enterprises. Thus, the personnel executives of these arrangements, in effect become a kind of bureaucratic fat, or points within the system of political appointment, rather than through market to find the optimal allocation of human resources. in the Chinese financial companies, if you can find the origin of the main leaders of non-bureaucratic, will be a sort of a small miracle. a light to help spread outside joke bureaucratic culture to understand the truth of the Chinese financial sector: a Office of the Governor of the Bank's can exist, is really the shame of the financial sector. appendage, into the bureaucracy to achieve its political and economic goals of a ever increasing demands of tool. its different stages of reform differ only in that it is more a tool for local government, or the central government's tool. the Chinese financial system that arises from the tragic development.
the financial system as a market economy, the most basic core structure, the importance of self-evident. in the normal market economy, financial markets function in accordance with market principles or capital funds allocated to the best one. It would have been should the direction of financial reform in China. However, in the right direction of financial reform, China's bureaucratic system does not meet the appetite. In the reform period, China's bureaucratic system has a look at them more important and more urgent task. This is the economic growth and wealth redistribution. Therefore, they must follow their own will to manipulate the financial markets. the exclusive monopoly of the financial system to become a necessary requirement to achieve this goal. China's bureaucratic system, the finance is not a power to meddle in other people, not a citizen and organization the right to an equal share of the market. is generally believed that China's financial reforms lag because of the sensitivity and complexity of the financial reform of the To. But the deeper reason is the financial system any meaningful reform of the bureaucratic system may lead to the erosion of an exclusive monopoly. but also because of this reason, China's financial reform, more than 20 years, although on the surface of bustling . This is not only an economic task, which is China's bureaucratic system requirements of the legitimacy of the existence of the overriding political task. In this way, high economic growth of China's bureaucratic system is actually turned into an insurmountable political hard constraints. This hard constraints on China's financial system, which is a sustained and serious pressure. This is the so-called Enterprise generous blood transfusion policy, in the mid-1990s, after the reform is mainly for the period of state-owned enterprises continue to breed out of the new financial concessions, the performance of the projects supported by all levels of government financial support, the performance of the hot spots, hot industry (such as recent real estate, cars, etc.) into the undisciplined credit. of China's bureaucratic system for providing such financial support is an important criterion is to see whether they can promote economic growth in the short term, even if This growth needs to pay a heavy price. provided that they meet this standard will have a strong driving force at all levels of government to provide them financial support. It should be noted that in the late 1990s, grew up in the new state-owned enterprises and government project company, in essence, residual claim on one of those bureaucrats who are within the corporate bureaucracy, the loss of wealth than the amazing ability is worse than the traditional state-owned enterprises. Here, the financial markets is no longer the principle of risk-based allocation of resources and benefits means, but the bureaucratic system to support its political goal of a high-growth policy tools. for economic growth is. no more direct than the financial role and can play an influential tool. China's bureaucratic system at all levels to support its financial as tool of choice of policy objectives, it is a very much in line be a mismatch. we all know, high level of investment has been to support the rapid growth of China's economy a major factor. but followed a general confusion, in the micro-economic efficiency of such a downturn, this high level of investment rate is how to maintain it, it actually rely on to maintain the self-cycle? The answer is: the Government's financial support (the growth rate is only supported). In order to achieve such financial support, financial resources must be full monopoly. Without the bureaucratic system that is based on the spare no effort to monopolize the financial support of China's high investment rate simply can not sustain, (China's economy will not be anything drastic Unfortunately, this political and financial support is often staggering waste of financial resources as a cost. political growth rate of the request for the more demanding, less waste of financial resources is enormous.
view of the above in the Chinese financial system to cope with various accusations, the Chinese officials are very happy to blame the problem posed by the financial support of vigilance. because it is likely to cover up China's finance in the transition period is another important function, that is, services are also subject to powerful need for redistribution of wealth function. China's power elite, how to use their power for the Chinese bureaucratic system of wealth grab the biggest share of the distribution, is another in the history of the reform period with the overwhelming task. This is not just the stock of the redistribution of wealth redistribution of wealth, too, including the incremental redistribution of wealth. and the sounding of the economy growth compared to the target, although a redistribution of wealth, the question can not be disclosed, but is also one of China's reform era of important historical themes, is the dominant behavior of the Chinese bureaucratic system reform, a key consideration of the nature of hard constraints. it is even more than financial support is more important historical theme. For convenience, the financial redistribution of wealth may be the fastest growing channel because it is the direct management reform period, the financial bureaucracy will become the most desirable means of redistribution of wealth. China's financial sector, cases of corruption after another proof of this. In this regard, the Bank of China Kaiping branch of the culmination of corruption cases can be described. In 1993 and 2001 years, this bank before and after the three-term governor of Yu embezzled 483 million total, equivalent to 40 billion yuan. Of course, Yu Zhendong, who was never a lack of successors. The latest event was the end of 2004 Bank of China branch in Harbin Branch Creek Pine Street, two officials of corruption, fled after the 10 billion yuan of public funds overseas. Corruption is not the bank's patent, other Chinese financial enterprises in this regard are not much better. Chenzhou, Hunan Province, a charge of housing Fund officials of the rank of very low Li Shubiao, corruption 120 million yuan for gambling in Macau, and in a very short amount of time lost public funds. such corruption in China's financial system, common, large, like Wang Xuebing, Liu Like Campbell, senior officials (in the process of writing this chapter, there are reports that China Construction Bank chairman Zhang Enzhao facing investigation for corruption scandal, which is the most senior bank officials involved in corruption scandals, the latest example. It is ironic, Zhang is As a result of corruption, Wang Xuebing to step down as the successor to the president of China Construction Bank. on the to as Li Shubiao, Yu Zhendong, the flow of low-level staff, almost no level of bank officials not involved in corruption scandals. the scandal as much, with one-liners to describe that China has formed a Zhendong, Li Shubiao the like bold and reckless corporate kinds of legitimate financial fraud in China's financial system is not only long, and even has become a corporate and financial insiders to get rich quick, a standard way. The consequence of this is in the balance sheet of China's financial system, but can not find those responsible mountain financial bad debt. one from within China's financial system has Dabao anonymous insider said: unspoken rules: Who can borrow, who can immediately be rich. This is called a loan to get rich. In fact, many wealthy Chinese are a little bit of black humor by the unspoken rules and direct means to get rich. For them the so-called project or business is just a cover only. Bank of China Xie Ping, the Secretary chaired a study found that China's financial corruption index reached 5.42. because of the financial corruption index seems to be the exclusive invention of Chinese scholars, the index no for national comparison, but generally means that China has a very high degree of financial corruption. It is clearly in people's daily experience. However, China's financial system is essentially a bureaucratic system, the so-called financial corruption, bureaucratic power is really only corruption. financial corruption and the corruption of power is entirely the same issue. power corruption and financial corruption, although only one word, but its meaning and the associations are very different. In this sense, financial corruption index is misleading. But anyway, China's financial system suffers from systemic corruption is a fairly established fact. systemic financial corruption during the transition period in China, the process of redistribution of wealth is extremely important as a tool to allow all the energy of its money-laundering Other tools are lagging far behind. Though the way can not be measured quantitatively, but look at the frequent outbreaks of the rich and the Chinese financial corruption scandals and the collusion between, and we will know it. Marx once said, Finance is the internal plunder. This conclusion is not always correct, but in a corrupt bunch of countries, this conclusion is surely correct, but for China, during the transition period, this conclusion can be regarded as wisdom.
In the event of corruption in the dark, the Chinese bureaucracy to the policy of imposing name, at different times by different interest groups to give financial support, but also created a significant redistribution of wealth effect. Through the availability of funds and funding control of monopoly prices, the Chinese bureaucratic system can almost be at any time for any reason, will jointly create a national financial resources to special interest groups in exchange for their short-term compliance, cooperation or loyalty. For example, a large bureaucratic enterprises in China can use their political influence to obtain cheap funding and long-term loans or even free of charge (now, many of the official close of the so-called private enterprises have gradually squeezed into this camp), and those who have long been excluded from the political right to vote outside of the various types of enterprises ( including many now in the political state-owned enterprises has been insignificant) was completely unable to equal sharing of financial resources, or to obtain funds only by high prices. This mandatory financial support and financial discrimination, in fact, the mandatory distribution of wealth . No doubt, the Chinese bureaucracy can often be hit by this means they are short-term political or economic objectives, but equally no doubt that this short-term political opportunism is the long-term financial success but for the price mismatch. < br> In the transition period, China's bureaucratic system of financial support given to political finance and political redistribution of wealth, the special features of China's financial causing serious injury. in the range can be calculated, most of the cost of reform in China are precipitated in the financial system, financial strange is that, it can be such a cost to the future goes on, so as to minimize the pain felt by present and oscillation. As a consequence, China's financial system in supporting China's rapid economic growth It also created the world only to see the financial history of the default rate. from any point of view, deposits in the Chinese financial system of bad debts are like a fierce tiger. tiger dormant in the shadow of China's economic miracle, may be pretentious at any time the miracle of this issue of the fatal blow.
In fact, this continued fight already has begun. its crackdown from the Chinese central government has to pay for the cost of glimpse.
Asian financial crisis brought about by the shock and awe, inspired the Chinese central government on China's potential financial crisis, the sense of urgency. to save the tottering financial system in China, the Chinese central government launched a rare financial rescue operation scale. This continued rescue operations is based on four major state-owned banks of China Ministry of Finance to issue special treasury bonds as the symbol In 1998, China's remarkable speed of the Ministry of Finance and Commercial Bank, Agricultural Bank of China, Construction Bank issued 270 billion yuan treasury bonds to ease the Four banks with capital deficit of urgency. Then, in 1999, the central government and from the four major banks stripped 1.5 trillion yuan of bad debt. This shows how many political leaders of China's drive to reform the financial system, however, Chinese leaders vigor seems to fall far short of China's financial bad cooling enthusiasm for the production line. saw was in 2006 near the eve of opening up the financial system in 2004, the Chinese government had once again launched a large-scale financial aid. opened in 2004, the Chinese government announced, with 45 billion U.S. dollars foreign exchange reserves (about 400 billion yuan) to China Construction Bank, Bank of China and the supplementary capital and in the same year in June, again from the Bank of China, Construction Bank of stripping 278.7 billion yuan of bad debt. and Meanwhile, the Chinese government to prepare for the same listed Bank of Communications, China's fifth largest bank divestiture 60 billion yuan of bad debt. However, the intense 2004, the financial rescue the financial system does not include the two chronic Bank of China Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and asset quality Agricultural Bank of China is more inferior. Similarly the government bank, to obtain relief other three banks, ICBC and Agricultural Bank of China that will surely get similar treatment. However, if the capital adequacy ratio to meet the most basic, light Industrial and Commercial Bank, a need to add 4000 billion yuan, and in accordance with the Standard & Poor's estimates, the Agricultural Bank of the worst quality of assets to achieve the same standards need to add at least 150 billion U.S. dollars, or about 1.2 trillion yuan. In so doing, the Chinese government initiated a new round in 2004 Bank rescue exercise, also need to spend a minimum 2.3 trillion yuan. plus 1998 to 1999 that a 1.8 trillion yuan, the Chinese government will rescue four banks to spend nearly 4.1 trillion yuan. that engulfed the Chinese astronomical over 40% of GDP. for an image that is to say, in 2004, all the Chinese people in China's banking system is free to work more than 5 months. China's banking system is really hard act to destroy wealth. need to be mentioned , we roughly above the central bank statistics did not include various forms of local commercial banks, trust companies, credit unions and other small financial institutions, rescue operations, such rescue since the 1990s been quietly conducted in the the total cost of about several hundred billion dollars.
bad loans and traditional bank product line, the Chinese new financial bad line the collapse of the wave of large-scale, scope, affecting almost all the famous old securities firm, the Government had to be the central bank re-lending and other forms of saving. It is estimated that China's system of hidden bad loans of state-owned securities billion yuan in 2000. This figure the hundreds of trillions of Bank of China compared to the figures do not seem surprising, but compared to the Chinese brokerage's asset size, it is a very alarming rate. in China continue to expand the scale of the other assets of the insurance industry in the financial industry, danger are not much better, its liquidity risk and solvency in the future so that observers are very worried. In particular, need to be mentioned that the Chinese securities firms and China's emerging capital markets has been considered a product of China's reform, and is so the product of a reform, but now has become a destruction of wealth and financial corruption synonymous. This can not be said to be a great irony. This phenomenon also shows that manufacturing of bad debt may simply not so-called traditional (before the reform already existing) state-owned enterprises, but in the The real culprit of financial bad manufacturing.
Since 1998 the scale of China's financial rescue operation and frequency, China actually has a financial crisis, although this crisis is not the kind of swift and severe form of oscillation shown, but its national welfare caused substantial damage, not at all inferior to the former. However, these costly financial rescue operation for our future does not buy an insurance policy, China's financial outlook remains perilous. < br> Second, the Tigers Stopped
to blame for the bad financial state-owned enterprises and the planned economic system, economic circles in China is a very popular way of thinking. a well-known economist, and even asserted: financial reform The success or failure lies in state-owned enterprises. This is undoubtedly a habit of thinking of the wrong diagnosis. because, as a basis for financial support and financial corruption of the system is not universally condemned as early as the traditional planned economy, but was born in the reform and reform continue to be copied out of the disease. This is the most worrisome of China's financial characteristics of bad debt. In this sense, large-scale financial rescue again to no avail.
1998 years later also proved that indeed the case. to a large number of government stripping of bad debts and to continue to replenish capital of financial enterprises at the same time, China's financial risk but in order to follow almost exactly the same way before the re-accumulation. as well as state aid as a result of the final guarantor of financial companies operating on the self-indulgence, generally known as promote a new round of economic growth can be described as our best. from the central government level, mainly marked by large-scale issuing treasury bonds. issuing treasury bonds on the surface, it seems out of the stereotype of over-reliance on the banking system, but most of the so-called bond-financed projects must be matched large number of bank loans. This is actually still is a typical political During 1998 to 2004, nearly 2 trillion of debt supporting the loan, nearly 800 billion yuan of bad loans. For China's bureaucratic financial system, the amount of bad debt losses has not inspire our surprise, we were surprised that the financial support to. At this point, we can hardly hope that a miracle happens. However, we thus can see that for political legitimacy, China has been and will finance to pay the original capital.
Although a great deal of effort devoted and money, but the Chinese government expect new growth cycle, but it has long been a not move. until the end of 2002, when local government is not always a good face on Zhu Rongji, will bid farewell to politics, local government finally can safely join the chorus GDP After a new round of economic growth before the so-called final report was officially launched. this one, driven by real estate and car upgrade the so-called consumption, has played a key driving (both in consumption and investment) effect. was thus that China there is a new round of economic growth in consumption as a support, is different. But the depth of its internal, a new round of economic growth, there is nothing unique to the Department, because the essence of China's bureaucratic system is still available financial support. , but it shows the characteristics of China, so we have good reason to judge the government's financial support, is a national credit cheap transportation to the market. In China, consumer credit has been strongly advocated and encouraged the government , the rush of a scene resembling the traditional slack, lack of discipline of the degree, and goes for the past few. The results, in just a few years, the Chinese ratio of household debt in many major cities close to and over the United States. the best way to symbolize China's ; the model city of Shanghai as an example, the proportion of household debt has surpassed the United States in 2004, reaching 155%, while the ability to measure indicators of household debt repayment rate is even more debts and liabilities of up to 58.36%, far exceeding the 18 United States %. [1] (No wonder people ridicule: China's economic growth is borrowed from economic growth. in such a short time in reached such a high debt ratio, so we have reason to suspect that China's market capacity of the country's future) in China, the transformation of expected income rather unstable countries, such a high rate of the debts and liabilities may lead to great financial risk is entirely speculative. In fact, the financial risk is not just a guess. there are indications, the end of 2003 more than 1800 billion auto loan balance, nearly 100 billion can not be recovered. [2] and in the absolute share of total consumer credit real estate loans, frequent 骗贷, abnormal price earnings ratio unstable family expected income, and bank risk control bureaucratic motivation and professionalism, have aroused wide concerns about bad housing loans. The People's Bank of Shanghai in early 2005, according to a report published in 2004, Shanghai The new loans, real estate loans have accounted for about 80%. Corresponding to this, the Central Bank of China, Mr. Xie Ping also reminds us: China is now the size of loans, real estate collateral has been accounted for half. without regard to other details, alone such a high concentration of loans, they can smell one of the precarious atmosphere. real estate loans as a longer term, the risk of default is not in the short term exposure, but once the reversal of market trends, and its bad debts intensity of the outbreak than any other industry counterparts. this case, much of the Japanese real estate bubble burst more than a decade caused by the recession, the recent real estate frenzy of Hong Kong to create a large number of ;, the difference is that China's financial system much more fragile than Japan, but also whether a Hong Kong.
economic growth in the dark to launch a new round of financial support, the Chinese bureaucracy, the financial resources necessary to develop not only limited to traditional banks, they even playing the Social Security Fund's attention. It is reported that Shenzhen has been fighting for policies to take advantage of the city's accumulated investment in infrastructure, social security funds. In China, which is tantamount to a losing gambling games. In view of various types of insurance funds (especially pensions) has become an increasingly important financial tools, the ability to gather funds are very powerful, we particularly need to guard against the bureaucratic system in order to such funds to replace state-owned banks powerless as the new 7 percent. Compared with other countries, China's unusually higher than the figure twice as many people. [3], an intuitive interpretation of this data is that almost all of them are doing business without capital. When most companies are using the bank's money interpretation is more deep, after 26 years of rapid economic growth, China at the enterprise level simply did not happen efficient capital accumulation. enterprise, but a sense of the word of the loan instruments. The truth about that a wide range of private foundation inject a package of reforms as the main means and rescue measures. But unfortunately, China's financial has not been a new vibrating brush. The reason is: The Chinese bureaucratic system to give the financial system, and not the slightest change. particularly in the so-called 2002 officially launched the new round of economic growth, China's state-owned banking system immediately relapse, has created yet another record-breaking monetary expansion and investment frenzy. According to the China Banking Regulatory Commission's data, Chinese state-owned commercial Bank of the end of 2003 the proportion of non-performing loans 21%, which is obviously still a ridiculously high risk data. In view of the official data credibility problem has always existed, observers generally estimate the defect rate of the Chinese state-owned banks is much higher than that figure. the international level agency Standard & Poor ear level estimates, mainland banks non-performing loans ratio of total loans as high as 35%. But even the official data is authentic, only after taking into account the extraordinary 2002 currency the rate of expansion and economic overheating, and people can expect in the coming years, China will appear and a new peak of non-performing loans. a Chinese scholars estimate that in 2005 after three years, China's financial system bad assets of around 800 billion will be added each year. This means that in the next few years, China's financial system, the proportion of non-performing assets, will be 21% of the high base has increased significantly. familiar with the Chinese people can judge the economic situation, once China assets and the manufacturing sector expanding bubble (this will be the next few years the Chinese economy in the high probability event), China's financial system rapidly rising non-performing asset ratio will be an inevitable outcome. This means that, after years of rescue and reform China's financial system will return to the mid-1990s high-risk status. China's financial system is still a subject to explosion, equivalent high time bomb. Do not think the financial crisis will only eat the same laid-off workers like Zhang Xiaolin, In a financial crisis, the so-called new middle class in China is also doomed.
since the 1990s, China's financial system has been in a high-risk state, even under the worst of commercial standards, China's state-owned banking system should also be bankrupt numerous times. But what is puzzling is that China's financial system is not only not bankrupt, but the energy is still a strong driving China's economic growth. So, what the Chinese exclusive path to enlightenment, to create such a financial maverick wonders?
three tightrope balance
China's financial system survive the long-term stake but one of the secrets falling is because China has a high savings rate. The Chinese people seem born to save the animals. in terms of what difficult circumstances, they can, like magic to provincial money, savings for the future. This habit of compulsive creation of the world's national savings rate is second to none. a long time, China's savings rate has been maintained at 40%. But the vast majority of Chinese savers do not know what they super-thrifty savings this ability come from, like the arm of China's financial system as barely ...
Thursday, December 16, 2010
How to develop the will
Oh I was reproduced from a forum I read over the
feel good to reproduced:
to their own reality but set a higher goal, however high, their own efforts to do, and note the daily drip progress;
often refer to the records to see progress, great progress when they feel their students, secretly of his (her) as his example, always to imitate;
2 the use of self-reminding, suggesting that their training in terms of perseverance to put more effort than others;
3 goal was not to vote too complex; seize the main thing, do not do already, that if they do not the non-determination was not born there
, but tempered by our small (l @), exercise comes. then we How to develop the will it?
1. not afraid of difficulties. no matter what the situation, or learn, or play the piano, or painting, in order to be successful, we must assiduously, not afraid of difficulties. The difficulty is like a paper tiger, you weak it strong, strong you are it is weak. to overcome the difficulties and strong will to overcome difficulties is an important performance.
2. perseverance. perseverance in size but also in the loose ends to do anything else, do not give up halfway. three days fishing , two days of drying nets, superficial and inconstant is impossible to do great things. an excellent athlete, even if being left behind, or halfway out of the accident, as long as he can run, he must adhere to the finish line, this is the truth.
3. afraid of failure. Failure is the mother of success. After the failure of some people, sadly, suffered a crushing defeat, no longer a struggle of courage, but were defeated, although some people, but not discouraged (n7i) , learn from your mistakes and continue to fight. Edison invented the light bulb when, after numerous failures, and finally earned the world's light. failed to exercise the people's determination even more tough.
4. eliminate interference. We the total environment around other people, other things, it may interfere with our study. For example, you read that someone is watching TV, listening to music, then if you can concentrate on their studies without interference to explain the relatively strong your willpower.
5. to overcome the inert (du ^) of. for our young people is concerned, is to develop the will of the most important from the trivial, to overcome the inertia, for example,UGG boots cheap, the daily morning exercise , encountered bad weather, snow days, wanted to day by day for their accommodation, contributing to its own inertia, perseverance training course will become an empty phrase.
perseverance is a psychological factor, the cultivation of perseverance from the following aspects:
1. faith produces perseverance. A man full of confidence about their careers, they work hard, despite temporary difficulties, setbacks and failures. he will actively overcome difficulties and failures. This is played in which confidence role. So to have the will, we must develop confidence, if the lack of confidence, difficulties, setbacks and failures, it is easy to retreat.
2. a strong desire to have perseverance.
desire is the starting point for people to action all activities are originated wishes. desire to have strong or weak, weak desire to be easy for the storms of life are out of action without perseverance. a strong desire is able to withstand the storms of life, there is no storm can extinguish them, unless the end of life . > So, is tenacious and a strong desire to link together. To be successful, must have a strong desire for success; to be rich, you must have a strong desire of wealth, this action will produce great perseverance.
3 . clear goals, contribute to produce tenacious.
targeted, people's actions will have a direction, goals that have a strong and stable attraction.
although some people have wealth aspirations, desire success, but the lack of clear objectives to express this desire, reflects this desire, which can not produce effective attraction, can not make thoughts, actions at a fixed target, the efficiency is very low, over time, very easy to make people lose stamina, loss of confidence. clear and specific objectives, so that people's perseverance has increased considerably, mainly by the action of the efficiency and attractiveness of the production target.
In addition, the value of target size on Perseverance is also useful relationship. Some goals of little value or no value, people would not have too much heart, enthusiasm to do it. Therefore, it would be difficult for such things have perseverance. people do thing before, one thing must be clear whether the value of the size. must select those valuable and high-value, and long-term value of the thing. so people will have a passion for the target to ensure there is perseverance. Some of the objectives set by the value of underestimation of dry rush thing, but in the dry process, but then the value of doing cast doubt reduced enthusiasm, energy is not concentrated, ideology is not to focus, work does not go in depth, not much progress, the completion of this matter does not have enough willpower.
4. organized plan, can produce perseverance.
only on the target to develop implementation plans, people can act according to plan, otherwise the target , there is still a loss,bailey UGG boots, and a tiger eating days, no place under the claws. have a plan, people will according to plan, first do, then what, at what time do things. all to plan carefully, you will know fairly well, orderly manner. Work will be effective, people will be on the dry matter have the confidence and perseverance.
5. positive action, resulting in persistence.
have a plan, it is necessary to affirmative action, which is like mountain climbing not standing still, not as intimidated by the mountain front, the only thing to do, such as hiking path in the selection immediately after the action, only action can shorten the distance and the Peak climb with. more step, will be more of a confidence, it will produce a more perseverance. treat action, to hold such an attitude, take one more step to more of a chance of success. Therefore, the action, stop action, this is the best choice. all day and think, as a moment did.
6. to overcome the negative psychological factors to ensure the persistence
many people are susceptible to the negative psychological factors, such as fear of failure caused property loss, fear criticism from others. These negative psychological factors may undermine people's willpower, so people no longer put money on their goals, passion, energy, time, or even halfway.
should strive to overcome the negative psychological factors in this regard, with the assent of his friends formed an alliance to encourage their positive psychology, in particular, confidence, stimulate their enthusiasm for the target to ensure they have enough willpower to achieve goals.
on the perseverance of the training, with particular attention to habits. In ordinary life, to develop good habits; Once good habits become unconscious in the something, then everything will be contrary to the heart, contrary to nature, not because of the perseverance of the target, and need especially strong the will to endure the torment of the heart.
perseverance is the result of habit.
In short, many psychological factors perseverance is the result of, these factors include the desire, confidence, clear objectives, organized plans, actions, habits , life, etc., any of the links do not, will affect the determination. perseverance largely determines the strength of the success.
feel good to reproduced:
to their own reality but set a higher goal, however high, their own efforts to do, and note the daily drip progress;
often refer to the records to see progress, great progress when they feel their students, secretly of his (her) as his example, always to imitate;
2 the use of self-reminding, suggesting that their training in terms of perseverance to put more effort than others;
3 goal was not to vote too complex; seize the main thing, do not do already, that if they do not the non-determination was not born there
, but tempered by our small (l @), exercise comes. then we How to develop the will it?
1. not afraid of difficulties. no matter what the situation, or learn, or play the piano, or painting, in order to be successful, we must assiduously, not afraid of difficulties. The difficulty is like a paper tiger, you weak it strong, strong you are it is weak. to overcome the difficulties and strong will to overcome difficulties is an important performance.
2. perseverance. perseverance in size but also in the loose ends to do anything else, do not give up halfway. three days fishing , two days of drying nets, superficial and inconstant is impossible to do great things. an excellent athlete, even if being left behind, or halfway out of the accident, as long as he can run, he must adhere to the finish line, this is the truth.
3. afraid of failure. Failure is the mother of success. After the failure of some people, sadly, suffered a crushing defeat, no longer a struggle of courage, but were defeated, although some people, but not discouraged (n7i) , learn from your mistakes and continue to fight. Edison invented the light bulb when, after numerous failures, and finally earned the world's light. failed to exercise the people's determination even more tough.
4. eliminate interference. We the total environment around other people, other things, it may interfere with our study. For example, you read that someone is watching TV, listening to music, then if you can concentrate on their studies without interference to explain the relatively strong your willpower.
5. to overcome the inert (du ^) of. for our young people is concerned, is to develop the will of the most important from the trivial, to overcome the inertia, for example,UGG boots cheap, the daily morning exercise , encountered bad weather, snow days, wanted to day by day for their accommodation, contributing to its own inertia, perseverance training course will become an empty phrase.
perseverance is a psychological factor, the cultivation of perseverance from the following aspects:
1. faith produces perseverance. A man full of confidence about their careers, they work hard, despite temporary difficulties, setbacks and failures. he will actively overcome difficulties and failures. This is played in which confidence role. So to have the will, we must develop confidence, if the lack of confidence, difficulties, setbacks and failures, it is easy to retreat.
2. a strong desire to have perseverance.
desire is the starting point for people to action all activities are originated wishes. desire to have strong or weak, weak desire to be easy for the storms of life are out of action without perseverance. a strong desire is able to withstand the storms of life, there is no storm can extinguish them, unless the end of life . > So, is tenacious and a strong desire to link together. To be successful, must have a strong desire for success; to be rich, you must have a strong desire of wealth, this action will produce great perseverance.
3 . clear goals, contribute to produce tenacious.
targeted, people's actions will have a direction, goals that have a strong and stable attraction.
although some people have wealth aspirations, desire success, but the lack of clear objectives to express this desire, reflects this desire, which can not produce effective attraction, can not make thoughts, actions at a fixed target, the efficiency is very low, over time, very easy to make people lose stamina, loss of confidence. clear and specific objectives, so that people's perseverance has increased considerably, mainly by the action of the efficiency and attractiveness of the production target.
In addition, the value of target size on Perseverance is also useful relationship. Some goals of little value or no value, people would not have too much heart, enthusiasm to do it. Therefore, it would be difficult for such things have perseverance. people do thing before, one thing must be clear whether the value of the size. must select those valuable and high-value, and long-term value of the thing. so people will have a passion for the target to ensure there is perseverance. Some of the objectives set by the value of underestimation of dry rush thing, but in the dry process, but then the value of doing cast doubt reduced enthusiasm, energy is not concentrated, ideology is not to focus, work does not go in depth, not much progress, the completion of this matter does not have enough willpower.
4. organized plan, can produce perseverance.
only on the target to develop implementation plans, people can act according to plan, otherwise the target , there is still a loss,bailey UGG boots, and a tiger eating days, no place under the claws. have a plan, people will according to plan, first do, then what, at what time do things. all to plan carefully, you will know fairly well, orderly manner. Work will be effective, people will be on the dry matter have the confidence and perseverance.
5. positive action, resulting in persistence.
have a plan, it is necessary to affirmative action, which is like mountain climbing not standing still, not as intimidated by the mountain front, the only thing to do, such as hiking path in the selection immediately after the action, only action can shorten the distance and the Peak climb with. more step, will be more of a confidence, it will produce a more perseverance. treat action, to hold such an attitude, take one more step to more of a chance of success. Therefore, the action, stop action, this is the best choice. all day and think, as a moment did.
6. to overcome the negative psychological factors to ensure the persistence
many people are susceptible to the negative psychological factors, such as fear of failure caused property loss, fear criticism from others. These negative psychological factors may undermine people's willpower, so people no longer put money on their goals, passion, energy, time, or even halfway.
should strive to overcome the negative psychological factors in this regard, with the assent of his friends formed an alliance to encourage their positive psychology, in particular, confidence, stimulate their enthusiasm for the target to ensure they have enough willpower to achieve goals.
on the perseverance of the training, with particular attention to habits. In ordinary life, to develop good habits; Once good habits become unconscious in the something, then everything will be contrary to the heart, contrary to nature, not because of the perseverance of the target, and need especially strong the will to endure the torment of the heart.
perseverance is the result of habit.
In short, many psychological factors perseverance is the result of, these factors include the desire, confidence, clear objectives, organized plans, actions, habits , life, etc., any of the links do not, will affect the determination. perseverance largely determines the strength of the success.
Wednesday, December 15, 2010
ibt 1,2 month forecast! (continued 4)
Read
1 2007.2.10/2007.12.10
smith on one, I remember there jj wrote, in order to facilitate the students generally do not go into
is his self-geography, then draw on rock and strata of the map, and then found that rock can not be determined by age, geography, and fossils can be, then the fossil animals found in fossils and plant fossils, animal fossils short years (with exam)
2 infant memory can not be said think of the things a child, first to write a lot of mistakes in theory and refuted one by one, and then one of the three factors that the model is the memory (encode) as well as what one is part of the brain's development, there is Mom and Dad to Children tell stories to help him grasp the gist of the story of three factors interact in order to improve children's memory
3 In fact, this is the first industrial revolution ... that is my understanding I'm afraid not, give us misleading to talk about it ...
wrote a profile before the Industrial Revolution, the United Kingdom only human, there is still water as a Han productivity, and only water is able to provide continued momentum, (there is a question of Synonymous Sentences . I spent two minutes to do, too nervous ...) and many have not previously been found to exploit (means test) of energy, Aventis that the steam engine, he explained that two people than before the invention of a good place reduce the cost of fuel and other .. forget (with questions, and asked which of the benefits)
then said there is a gas lamp invented? like, (the reason I cite this example tangle for a long time)
Then what in the UK, said raw materical what the test means
get accustomed to speaking with the last paragraph of the steam engine??, or what other people invented to bring many benefits, and finally built the boat and horse tracks to solve shortcomings. (with questions, asking the general understanding of this paragraph)
PS I asked my students, plus testing the theory of evolution and Su Meier Civilization
hearing order may not
1 male student consulting practice problems He Can not ask senior students internships, (with questions) the teacher said yes,UGG boots, he also asked the flyer did not see noticeboard like the above, he said, but it seems not to have seen (in this situation did not hear the beginning of wiping, a question asked noticeboard above information is incomplete or need updated) and then he said he did not choose a major teacher suggested that he could choose to write the course and then search the Internet for the company's information available when he can ask company representatives, and the men that seem i need alot of work to do (a question asked him what these words mean)
2 economic boom on the economy and bost?? anyway, is the bursting of the rapid economic development is about 90 years
internet real examples of main speakers the story of what the Dutch tulip tulip
is the original of the Middle East Turkey (central asia), then here (has asked the origin), and then when doing business in Turkey and the Netherlands to the Dutch tulip traders sent as a gift (an example of a question, said that the Dutch eat the tulips, because not familiar with it)
Dutch at that time a lot of money, and where appropriate to the growth of tulips, they also have their own Dutch garden (why the crazy prices of the conditions) < br> so he took up the tulip speculation, people are not tulips in kind, but a similar contract on paper, has changed hands (Oh why people seem to change hands)
expensive than gold 1637
if suddenly one day, no one was found to be the tulip bubble burst
3 stresses the tree in Australia, said he is like a living fossil as (due to not understand, because around the fossil and other local trees, or different?) he in the tropical rainforest only a very small area because his seed will not spread like .. once every two years so he has the number of picture messages is small (there ask why), but he did not become extinct, because do not remember .. sorry ha .. id
TRIAL students neurons
Romantic Poetry oral
impressed
photo or a picture you will change jobs at different times, or a lifetime job
3 requires a student to write a letter to cut the 3 hour class as long orange 2 hours of concentration, a waste of time
woman rejected because the students every day to play late into the night,cheap UGG boots, naturally can not concentrate his class other students is not the case
sleep the last hour of the class also have the courage to discuss the views of students, is the most exciting part of the cut out no fun
4 after about implicit memory and then write down the definition of an example : redefinition
still put a car called , but asked him the door you can think of p What animals starts with the general will say pig, but they say penthird
illustrate the implicit memoery
1 2007.2.10/2007.12.10
smith on one, I remember there jj wrote, in order to facilitate the students generally do not go into
is his self-geography, then draw on rock and strata of the map, and then found that rock can not be determined by age, geography, and fossils can be, then the fossil animals found in fossils and plant fossils, animal fossils short years (with exam)
2 infant memory can not be said think of the things a child, first to write a lot of mistakes in theory and refuted one by one, and then one of the three factors that the model is the memory (encode) as well as what one is part of the brain's development, there is Mom and Dad to Children tell stories to help him grasp the gist of the story of three factors interact in order to improve children's memory
3 In fact, this is the first industrial revolution ... that is my understanding I'm afraid not, give us misleading to talk about it ...
wrote a profile before the Industrial Revolution, the United Kingdom only human, there is still water as a Han productivity, and only water is able to provide continued momentum, (there is a question of Synonymous Sentences . I spent two minutes to do, too nervous ...) and many have not previously been found to exploit (means test) of energy, Aventis that the steam engine, he explained that two people than before the invention of a good place reduce the cost of fuel and other .. forget (with questions, and asked which of the benefits)
then said there is a gas lamp invented? like, (the reason I cite this example tangle for a long time)
Then what in the UK, said raw materical what the test means
get accustomed to speaking with the last paragraph of the steam engine??, or what other people invented to bring many benefits, and finally built the boat and horse tracks to solve shortcomings. (with questions, asking the general understanding of this paragraph)
PS I asked my students, plus testing the theory of evolution and Su Meier Civilization
hearing order may not
1 male student consulting practice problems He Can not ask senior students internships, (with questions) the teacher said yes,UGG boots, he also asked the flyer did not see noticeboard like the above, he said, but it seems not to have seen (in this situation did not hear the beginning of wiping, a question asked noticeboard above information is incomplete or need updated) and then he said he did not choose a major teacher suggested that he could choose to write the course and then search the Internet for the company's information available when he can ask company representatives, and the men that seem i need alot of work to do (a question asked him what these words mean)
2 economic boom on the economy and bost?? anyway, is the bursting of the rapid economic development is about 90 years
internet real examples of main speakers the story of what the Dutch tulip tulip
is the original of the Middle East Turkey (central asia), then here (has asked the origin), and then when doing business in Turkey and the Netherlands to the Dutch tulip traders sent as a gift (an example of a question, said that the Dutch eat the tulips, because not familiar with it)
Dutch at that time a lot of money, and where appropriate to the growth of tulips, they also have their own Dutch garden (why the crazy prices of the conditions) < br> so he took up the tulip speculation, people are not tulips in kind, but a similar contract on paper, has changed hands (Oh why people seem to change hands)
expensive than gold 1637
if suddenly one day, no one was found to be the tulip bubble burst
3 stresses the tree in Australia, said he is like a living fossil as (due to not understand, because around the fossil and other local trees, or different?) he in the tropical rainforest only a very small area because his seed will not spread like .. once every two years so he has the number of picture messages is small (there ask why), but he did not become extinct, because do not remember .. sorry ha .. id
TRIAL students neurons
Romantic Poetry oral
impressed
photo or a picture you will change jobs at different times, or a lifetime job
3 requires a student to write a letter to cut the 3 hour class as long orange 2 hours of concentration, a waste of time
woman rejected because the students every day to play late into the night,cheap UGG boots, naturally can not concentrate his class other students is not the case
sleep the last hour of the class also have the courage to discuss the views of students, is the most exciting part of the cut out no fun
4 after about implicit memory and then write down the definition of an example : redefinition
still put a car called , but asked him the door you can think of p What animals starts with the general will say pig, but they say penthird
illustrate the implicit memoery
Tuesday, December 14, 2010
By provincial and ministerial level cadres (to) (
Provincial and ministerial level cadres divided into leadership positions in civil service positions
and non-leadership positions. Level leadership positions are divided into: national chief, national deputies, provincial and ministerial heads, provincial deputies, bureau chief level, the Office of deputy bureau level, county level heads, deputy county level, township level Division chief, township deputy section chief level. non-level leadership positions following settings in the department or bureau level.
provincial chief deputy secretary of the CPC Central Committee
the CPC Central Committee, the NPC Standing Committee, the State Council ministries and commissions under the Administrative Office of the CPPCC National Committee rooms and public institutions (groups) principal leaders (deputy special provisions)
people's organizations (groups) principal
provinces, autonomous regions , and municipal party committees, people's congresses, governments, CPPCC chief leader (deputy special provisions)
countries at the ministerial level business leaders
provincial deputy chief of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
of the CPC Central Standing Committee of the National Standing Committee, the State Council ministries and commissions under the Administrative Office of the CPPCC National Committee rooms and public institutions deputy leader (party member) and vice ministerial-level agencies (groups)
principal mass organizations (groups) deputy
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities Party (deputy secretary of the Standing Committee), congresses, governments, CPPCC deputy leader of the provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection
sub-provincial city party committee and people's congresses, governments, CPPCC chief leader (deputy special provisions)
Department of State is deputy leadership class companies, national vice-ministerial-level corporate vice principal leadership
University Party chief administrative level before the Cultural Revolution in China by
1956 年 6 16, the 32nd plenary meeting of the State Council adopted reform of the decision. profound impact, from First, the needs of national economic development, and second, confusion in the distribution system.
founded, the supply system and the wage system co-exist. just party and government organs at all levels of city staff in general to enjoy the supply system
, while the old personnel, including workers, shop assistants, technicians, teachers, staff, etc., then enjoy the wage system, the national level there is no uniform system of wages
, parallel up to hundreds of wages.
supply system is the formation of revolutionary war a distribution system, after the founding of which continued to 1952.
supply system is divided into several parts: 1. food, according to post into large, medium and small focal; 2. household items, issued by the public, in addition to a very high level The
cadres, the basic equality; 3. allowance, a very small amount. cadres above the division was special treatment units, the regiment was in camp stoves, even
following stove; the local level are more complex, and each region differences in general is: above the county officials and seriously injured as a special favor
, Branch, district-level cadres and lightly wounded, as the mothers in the kitchen; general and laborers for the cadres and stove.
food meals into food, non-staple food, fuel, three; stove typically 0.02 pounds per person per day supply of oil, salt and 0.0125 kg, 0.04 kg of meat, vegetables 1 kg
, 1.25 kg of coal or wood 2 kg; in the kitchen stove at 2.5 times the calculated burn the midnight oil calculated at 3.7 times the stove. supply system in the provision of daily necessities
very small, around the reference to the Central People's Government Administration Council, : 2 sets per person per year unlined, cotton, 1 set of 2 pairs of socks, one
, cotton cap each one, shoes 1 pair; coat 3 years 1; nets 5-year one; towels each year 2; 1 soap per month;
hair 2 times a month, and another toothbrush, tooth powder, etc. Some. general staff of the monthly allowance of about 3 million (3 million) or so.
supply system has also imposed a variety of benefits, such as was implemented in some areas along the river grant are: New Year's Day, National Day, Chinese New Year
people per 1 kg of pork additional fees for the holidays; care costs sub-4, Grade 5 pounds of meat per month; B 4 pounds; C 3 kg; D 2 pounds
. these objects together with the allowance according to section off with the price paid. In addition to this also happens the other education fees, conservation fees, women's health costs
, nanny fees, tuition, health care costs, funeral expenses and the elderly discount fees. According to the author access to an old comrade back
memory, she had three children, two nannies can be hired.
I recently came across in the used book market in 1954, two poets Shaw used three hotels in Beijing, meal ticket, meal tickets were
dinner is March 3, as in the kitchen, March 16 luncheon, to burn the midnight oil; lunch box marked: by the signature or seal
guests screeching halt, in some places and the workplace still continue to use. And what
Xiao San is why the special treatment for Chinese food, dinner is in the kitchen, is unknown.
first > In my visit to some of the old comrades are reflected in the old liberated areas at most of the forces and the cadres used to supply system of Health
lifestyle, there is a period in the number of base areas, the provisions of cadres can choose to enjoy the supply system or payroll system, many people Chi Chi
do not want to select the wage system, saying that . but there are some special circumstances, such as the KMT VII Corps commander Pei-chang will
uprising, to the northern Sichuan administrative office work and enjoy the supply system, high-ranking officers of the Kuomintang, this level is difficult to adapt to living
end, when any field of the Political Department of Hu Yaobang proposal to change its wage system by the supply system.
With the new adjustment of China's political and economic order and sort, imperative to reform the distribution system on July 1 .1952 < br>, the Government Administration Council issued a 29, the wage level determined with the
, not to an unstable fashion when denominated in the currency, but in kind as the basis for conversion, known as the points
the equivalent amount.
pay points first implemented in Tianjin, the wage premium points are discounted listing day announced by the People's Bank. Tianjin
discounted each unit is cornmeal, a foot of cloth, The standard meter,
1 kg standard surface, 1 foot leading fine cloth, 1 kg of coal, slightly higher than Tianjin; was about 6,500 yuan for each score (6 Point 5)
. Comparison of the conversion amount of traffic points for a salary of about containing: 2.8 kg of grain, vegetable oil, 0.05 kg, 0.2-foot white, 2 kilograms of coal
, 0.02 kg of salt.
29 administrative-level wages and enjoy the points, the basic administrative functions according to the then assessed, such as local government
, roughly 14 to 17 vice-county, 227 ~ 145 minutes; is Fu Keji 17 ~ 22, 145 ~ 110; clerk, assistant administrator
22 ~ 26 level, 110 ~ 92; and laborers 28 to 29, 88 to 85 minutes. of course, different from region to region, are not the same around the level of
.
30 administrative level and 11 categories of wage zone to 1955 , domestic economic situation continues to improve, a new round of wage reform also introduced
be shipped.
the prices basically stable, living standards to improve, the wage of 5 points contained in the physical life is not fully cover the actual
need, therefore, the state decided in July 1955, the first in the state institutions and their affiliated institutions abolition of wages
points, diverted money wage system. thus beginning the prelude to the national wage reform.
the work changed, establishment of the state organs, enterprises and other categories distribution system, in which party and government organs carry out the job
service level wage system, the cadres are divided into 30 administrative level; enterprise workers are divided into eight (individual trades to 7 ) technical grade
, professionals such as engineers, teachers, medical workers, writers and artists also have their own and other
corresponding level series. and translated each other between the various series, such as art 1 level equivalent to Executive 8; Higher Education 8 and so is equivalent to the Chief 17
level.
At the same time, based around the natural conditions, prices and cost of living, transportation and wage conditions, and when appropriate
take care of the living conditions of priority development areas and difficult areas, the country is divided into 11 classes of wage area. the higher the wage area categories,
higher wages. provides for a class as the base region, each of Class 1 high, wages increased by 3 standard %, such as the Beijing area is a Class 6
, Shanghai is a Class 8 area, Xining District is 11 categories.
classification standard for the post by the number of grade level under the cross-line approach, based on position, reference, and moral and seniority
assessment. roughly 3 to 5 are the Ministry; Vice Minister 5 to 8; is Board 8 to 10; deputy director of 9 to 12, and so on.
scheduled to take the number of how many class wages. the highest wages and the ratio between the minimum wage is about 21:1, full wages have increased more substantial
. when institutional settings have not as stringent clear later, some units, because of their specificity, with
other high-level cadres, such as the president of Renmin University of China Wu Yuzhang, by level should be at least at the ministerial level, the school has 10, and 11 middle-level cadres are also quite a number of
. Another example of an author visit old comrades, the Chief 10, was Deputy Director of Science Division of the Central Propaganda Department
(Director Yu Guangyuan), Ding Ling is the Director of the Arts 7.
the workers after the reform, national staff and The cost of living for all family members were replaced by personal burden, while domestic workers
for staff to use public housing and public furniture, utilities, pay all rent, charges or fees. on the amount of these costs,
many old comrades have no concept, I visited a specialized management, old comrades in such matters, said his impression
only a few cents or pennies.
At the same time, because of the national staff with many children those living in difficult, leaving a supply system of the Works just decided to post
responsibilities and tasks, rank status and rewards before deciding, so a lot of small government big job, small or high official level there was no official post
phenomenon. such as when a lot of the Central Bureau of 11, 12 cadre posts only officer. Army headquarters organizations and institutions in matters military
, 10, 11, 12 of the officers, staff, assistants and teachers are also common. As author Li, Chief 9
level, position is the supplement of Tianjin Daily editorial. and then crossed to the Chief 13, 13 and above to enjoy the high-level cadres to be
case, it is a typical Because of the substantial increase in living standards, ease of mind to the vast majority of cadres to work, but there are also individual cadres
for various reasons ideological problems arising from low assessment. low assessment of the reasons why there are several: First, the qualifications < br> and duties of contradictions. Some of the qualifications of cadres is very old, but the ratings different positions, levels tend to be different. If I
visited the three old comrades, all the comrades join the revolution of 1934, which Shijiazhuang in 1948, a liberation of the workers due to a
origin, was transferred to the plant of any director, later transferred to Beijing, is still the director, the results of classification, the other two were rated as
10 级He was rated 12. Another example is the writer Yao Xueyin, formerly Shanghai Great China University professor. later transferred to Henan Sheng Wenlian
, only eight were rated as Art (equivalent to Lecturer). and then have the same positions, due to the different qualifications, will have different ratings, a military veteran told the author
bit, he was group chief of staff ratings, as is the army before 1942, was named deputy group, 14
level; the same is the group chief of staff, joined the army after 1942, he incurs assessment whichever group, 15. as far as he recalled the troops endowed,
also plays an important role in qualification, the same is the division level, and if the Red Army, Major-General to grant not only be granted if the Red Army Colonel
, level of course there is a corresponding difference. visit also talked about some of the old comrades of unforeseen circumstances, such as when taking part in the revolutionary age of
small, can not remember the specific time, by filling the impression, just a few benchmarks later than the date of rating (eg, 6 July 1937, September 2, 1945, September 30, 1949), can make the ratings affected. for these ratings and for
ideological problems arise, Mao Zedong in March 18, 1957 meeting of party members and cadres in Jinan criticism was Assessment is the wrong, you have to swallow, tears will not flow out to
flow inside. granted, the Central is not allowed, Xu will ask in the low assessment ratings, the final top ten will have 9 as four, independent Xu light up as five
. This won the appreciation of Mao Zedong, has repeatedly praised. < br> level all the ratings of those who held important positions are non-discriminatory treatment of non-party, or even by the high evaluation.
most typical example is the Soong Ching Ling was named Chief 1, the wage is 579.5 yuan, and Mao, Liu, Zhou Zhu and other leaders have named the Chief 2
level, wages 404.8 yuan. are the upper and lower level are in the 3,4-level, vice-minister may assess to 5. well-known community leaders
Tan Jibei assessment level 3 . the majority of people outside the mind of the general appreciation of the Communist Party, and is pleased to receive, especially some of the nation itself was home minister of industry, real
governor, do not seem to grade. > Off Su cream rating, since you two as art, wages fell from 800 until 280. like Bing Xin, Zhang Tianyi and a number for
home,UGG boots, have been named literary one. University Prior to actually have levels,UGGs, but the same attention to the ratings. Yinke
, Liang, Chen Daisun, Jian Bozan, Feng, Wang Li, Ji, Huiyin, Guo Shao Yu, Jingwen, etc. been assessed
is one. National Ping Chu 1 was a total of 56 professors, evaluation is very strict. Ji has explained the meaning of wages at that time,
he is a professor, the monthly wages of 345 yuan, plus CAS academician allowance 100 yuan, 445 yuan. and eat a
Moscow restaurant, about 1.5 to 2 million, soup taste, butter bread, a glass of beer. There was even a special
special provision that members than non-members to take a certain percentage less the same level of wages, which is very prominent in intellectual circles, the ratio
is that wages are less than 200 yuan to get 2%; 100 to 200 dollars, take 1% less. If Class 6 district two professors wage 287.5 yuan
, Professor of party members to take 281.7 yuan; Higher eight lecturers to 106 yuan, 104.9 yuan party is taking.
old professor, a party of the author, said: then it is a very honorable thing. . to determine the administrative-level cadres, cadres of course, inseparable from the duties and contributions. administrators
not divided into 23. the corresponding duties are as follows:
23 级 associate with positive displacement, 22, vice even, 21 level is even
20 Quasi camp, 19 deputy camp, 18 are business
17 Quasi group, 16 deputy group, 15 are corporations
14 Quasi division, 13 deputy division, 12 is Quasi Normal
11 Jun, 10 deputy army, nine are military
8 Quasi Corps, seven deputy corps, six are Quasi Field Army Corps
5, four Vice-Field Army , three are Field Army
1,2 level is the principal leaders of the party and state-level wage
established more than 700 million, three-level wage of 400 yuan, ten more than wage of 200 yuan, seventeen wage 97 yuan.
military cadres should be noted that the same level than the local cadres to take a high salary. If seventeen local pay 97 yuan
, force is 114 yuan. The President took only three levels of wages, prompted group, such as the Politburo Standing Committee, Central Military Commission vice chairman, were also
coach to take three wage. It is said that only the individual who took a salary, such as Song Qingling.
level cadres, since the enactment of 55 years in 61 to 64 years, when the low grading of individual cadres made an adjustment (long one), has remained the same since.
senior cadres of the concept: 13 and above for senior cadres, to the Cultural Revolution after the late reduce the number of senior cadres of sickness and death and other reasons, the senior cadres of the team adds another 14.
level cadres at the time of life is often used, the central document to convey to the county group level, not only refers to the regiment level or above the county dry
Department, but more than 17 cadres should listen to.
level cadres was to develop things, in addition to the establishment of technical level and the workers level. when compared to the leaders of the highest lead
(wage 400) and general workers (40 to 60) of the wage level, the gap in less than ten times.
the liberation war, with cadres at and above the horse business, there are full-time grooms, the horses are registered by the forces and parties to
feed and supply departments to prepare the standard Yanmar higher feed. troops fighting in the paint, with the local forage supply sector
paid to the local vote, when the troops fighting on the outside, you'll see in the frontline troops in the There is a force just fodder.
Liberation War, as a large number of captured American jeep, is the beginning of combat units above the division level with a jeep, the liberation of
after the manner of division level and above units come equipped with cars, trucks should be in the first Warsaw the list of approved equipment. is more than military cadres with car
, driver, secretary. red, Shanghai has just produced, the only state leaders take a large number of features to
after the sixties, and gradually the military in the province , to teacher popular. Cultural Revolution, have county-level units with Shanghai group, but the red flag to the division level in a single
bit rare, the provincial army level and above were more common.
Marshal is the executive levels, to enjoy the Politburo Members treatment; general executive four, enjoy Deputy Prime Minister treatment; will
executive five, to enjoy the State Council Secretary General treatment; (more than can be counted as general leader of the party and state) will be the Chief
six and enjoy the benefits of Ministers; Major General Chief seven, enjoying ministerial medical treatment. is the top generals will be more,
can be equipped with security secretary and health care doctors, cooks, servants. take the red flag should be a level 5 or above.
holding the rank of executive-level set is not correct. rank and position are open, but do not open the administrative level to the death
, only I know and a few insiders know. old comrades generally little to show off their executive-level experience and
, it repeated the baseless assertion very much. upstairs was said Tang Liang is the Chief Secretary of nine, so that the secretary might have to qualify with mao was
, mostly hearsay Bale. from being military Corps are being granted to the rank of lieutenant general, their qualifications and contributions
offered are different, so their wage levels also vary. rank is used in recognition of war service, the wage level is used
to eat.
duties and the relationship between the executive level is not static. Jianguo corps-level cadres to seek provincial and ministerial level
bit hard yet, but 60 years later, especially during the Cultural Revolution, the military level officials have embarked on provincial power generally, so
provincial corps with the argument. to crush the Gang of Four during the Cultural Revolution after the late, 12,13-level officials have embarked on a large number of provincial
, China Guofeng, later. not all do. Jiang rating in 55 years when the county group level, but never went over 80 years do not have embarked on a provincial-level leadership positions
!
now some of the young historians home when they write the history of the place more than a far-fetched. writing evolved into the inner-party struggle to blame individual ex
. I want to ask these young historians who do not speak if the principle of the struggle within the party do not rise to the line height , but instead compete
field of personal grievances, the Communist Party can be developed to win the national regime? writing veteran, if the old qualifications to non-
not invented on a certain level, to show understanding of the people. fact that the white on the set of the old system of administrative-level solutions can not
.
me give two examples of executive-level classification:
two elderly people I know are pro-uncles brothers, both before the war Teachers admitted to study together, and join together with leather
life, After the war, they both work in the Jizhong, the liberation war, his brother remained Hebei, Hebei Province is later, my brother went to North China to make a side
The leadership, after the next and from the central to local grading .55 years, the brother 13, brother 1
0 level, the gap much ah!
liberation war my father worked in 62 Army, and his head of the surname Wang is the old Red Army, suffered multiple injuries after returning to North Korea against U.S. aid
jobs to place a paper mill in the city when the secretary of 55 years given a higher classification level when given only 13 level.
also have worse, the captain of Health Mission (now operating level) participated in the revolution than the head of the surname Wang still early, he made long have trouble holding his regiment
Mozhe, the students had teachers Tu from .51 to settle his gang after the completion of land in Western destroy jobs, to a county-level city when the Health Secretary
(or vice, the transfer only after the positive), 55-year rating 16.
same old Red Army, 7-8 class has, 15,16 are also plenty of class, which read your posts and contributions to the
and non-leadership positions. Level leadership positions are divided into: national chief, national deputies, provincial and ministerial heads, provincial deputies, bureau chief level, the Office of deputy bureau level, county level heads, deputy county level, township level Division chief, township deputy section chief level. non-level leadership positions following settings in the department or bureau level.
provincial chief deputy secretary of the CPC Central Committee
the CPC Central Committee, the NPC Standing Committee, the State Council ministries and commissions under the Administrative Office of the CPPCC National Committee rooms and public institutions (groups) principal leaders (deputy special provisions)
people's organizations (groups) principal
provinces, autonomous regions , and municipal party committees, people's congresses, governments, CPPCC chief leader (deputy special provisions)
countries at the ministerial level business leaders
provincial deputy chief of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
of the CPC Central Standing Committee of the National Standing Committee, the State Council ministries and commissions under the Administrative Office of the CPPCC National Committee rooms and public institutions deputy leader (party member) and vice ministerial-level agencies (groups)
principal mass organizations (groups) deputy
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities Party (deputy secretary of the Standing Committee), congresses, governments, CPPCC deputy leader of the provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection
sub-provincial city party committee and people's congresses, governments, CPPCC chief leader (deputy special provisions)
Department of State is deputy leadership class companies, national vice-ministerial-level corporate vice principal leadership
University Party chief administrative level before the Cultural Revolution in China by
1956 年 6 16, the 32nd plenary meeting of the State Council adopted reform of the decision. profound impact, from First, the needs of national economic development, and second, confusion in the distribution system.
founded, the supply system and the wage system co-exist. just party and government organs at all levels of city staff in general to enjoy the supply system
, while the old personnel, including workers, shop assistants, technicians, teachers, staff, etc., then enjoy the wage system, the national level there is no uniform system of wages
, parallel up to hundreds of wages.
supply system is the formation of revolutionary war a distribution system, after the founding of which continued to 1952.
supply system is divided into several parts: 1. food, according to post into large, medium and small focal; 2. household items, issued by the public, in addition to a very high level The
cadres, the basic equality; 3. allowance, a very small amount. cadres above the division was special treatment units, the regiment was in camp stoves, even
following stove; the local level are more complex, and each region differences in general is: above the county officials and seriously injured as a special favor
, Branch, district-level cadres and lightly wounded, as the mothers in the kitchen; general and laborers for the cadres and stove.
food meals into food, non-staple food, fuel, three; stove typically 0.02 pounds per person per day supply of oil, salt and 0.0125 kg, 0.04 kg of meat, vegetables 1 kg
, 1.25 kg of coal or wood 2 kg; in the kitchen stove at 2.5 times the calculated burn the midnight oil calculated at 3.7 times the stove. supply system in the provision of daily necessities
very small, around the reference to the Central People's Government Administration Council, : 2 sets per person per year unlined, cotton, 1 set of 2 pairs of socks, one
, cotton cap each one, shoes 1 pair; coat 3 years 1; nets 5-year one; towels each year 2; 1 soap per month;
hair 2 times a month, and another toothbrush, tooth powder, etc. Some. general staff of the monthly allowance of about 3 million (3 million) or so.
supply system has also imposed a variety of benefits, such as was implemented in some areas along the river grant are: New Year's Day, National Day, Chinese New Year
people per 1 kg of pork additional fees for the holidays; care costs sub-4, Grade 5 pounds of meat per month; B 4 pounds; C 3 kg; D 2 pounds
. these objects together with the allowance according to section off with the price paid. In addition to this also happens the other education fees, conservation fees, women's health costs
, nanny fees, tuition, health care costs, funeral expenses and the elderly discount fees. According to the author access to an old comrade back
memory, she had three children, two nannies can be hired.
I recently came across in the used book market in 1954, two poets Shaw used three hotels in Beijing, meal ticket, meal tickets were
dinner is March 3, as in the kitchen, March 16 luncheon, to burn the midnight oil; lunch box marked: by the signature or seal
guests screeching halt, in some places and the workplace still continue to use. And what
Xiao San is why the special treatment for Chinese food, dinner is in the kitchen, is unknown.
first > In my visit to some of the old comrades are reflected in the old liberated areas at most of the forces and the cadres used to supply system of Health
lifestyle, there is a period in the number of base areas, the provisions of cadres can choose to enjoy the supply system or payroll system, many people Chi Chi
do not want to select the wage system, saying that . but there are some special circumstances, such as the KMT VII Corps commander Pei-chang will
uprising, to the northern Sichuan administrative office work and enjoy the supply system, high-ranking officers of the Kuomintang, this level is difficult to adapt to living
end, when any field of the Political Department of Hu Yaobang proposal to change its wage system by the supply system.
With the new adjustment of China's political and economic order and sort, imperative to reform the distribution system on July 1 .1952 < br>, the Government Administration Council issued a 29, the wage level determined with the
, not to an unstable fashion when denominated in the currency, but in kind as the basis for conversion, known as the points
the equivalent amount.
pay points first implemented in Tianjin, the wage premium points are discounted listing day announced by the People's Bank. Tianjin
discounted each unit is cornmeal, a foot of cloth, The standard meter,
1 kg standard surface, 1 foot leading fine cloth, 1 kg of coal, slightly higher than Tianjin; was about 6,500 yuan for each score (6 Point 5)
. Comparison of the conversion amount of traffic points for a salary of about containing: 2.8 kg of grain, vegetable oil, 0.05 kg, 0.2-foot white, 2 kilograms of coal
, 0.02 kg of salt.
29 administrative-level wages and enjoy the points, the basic administrative functions according to the then assessed, such as local government
, roughly 14 to 17 vice-county, 227 ~ 145 minutes; is Fu Keji 17 ~ 22, 145 ~ 110; clerk, assistant administrator
22 ~ 26 level, 110 ~ 92; and laborers 28 to 29, 88 to 85 minutes. of course, different from region to region, are not the same around the level of
.
30 administrative level and 11 categories of wage zone to 1955 , domestic economic situation continues to improve, a new round of wage reform also introduced
be shipped.
the prices basically stable, living standards to improve, the wage of 5 points contained in the physical life is not fully cover the actual
need, therefore, the state decided in July 1955, the first in the state institutions and their affiliated institutions abolition of wages
points, diverted money wage system. thus beginning the prelude to the national wage reform.
the work changed, establishment of the state organs, enterprises and other categories distribution system, in which party and government organs carry out the job
service level wage system, the cadres are divided into 30 administrative level; enterprise workers are divided into eight (individual trades to 7 ) technical grade
, professionals such as engineers, teachers, medical workers, writers and artists also have their own and other
corresponding level series. and translated each other between the various series, such as art 1 level equivalent to Executive 8; Higher Education 8 and so is equivalent to the Chief 17
level.
At the same time, based around the natural conditions, prices and cost of living, transportation and wage conditions, and when appropriate
take care of the living conditions of priority development areas and difficult areas, the country is divided into 11 classes of wage area. the higher the wage area categories,
higher wages. provides for a class as the base region, each of Class 1 high, wages increased by 3 standard %, such as the Beijing area is a Class 6
, Shanghai is a Class 8 area, Xining District is 11 categories.
classification standard for the post by the number of grade level under the cross-line approach, based on position, reference, and moral and seniority
assessment. roughly 3 to 5 are the Ministry; Vice Minister 5 to 8; is Board 8 to 10; deputy director of 9 to 12, and so on.
scheduled to take the number of how many class wages. the highest wages and the ratio between the minimum wage is about 21:1, full wages have increased more substantial
. when institutional settings have not as stringent clear later, some units, because of their specificity, with
other high-level cadres, such as the president of Renmin University of China Wu Yuzhang, by level should be at least at the ministerial level, the school has 10, and 11 middle-level cadres are also quite a number of
. Another example of an author visit old comrades, the Chief 10, was Deputy Director of Science Division of the Central Propaganda Department
(Director Yu Guangyuan), Ding Ling is the Director of the Arts 7.
the workers after the reform, national staff and The cost of living for all family members were replaced by personal burden, while domestic workers
for staff to use public housing and public furniture, utilities, pay all rent, charges or fees. on the amount of these costs,
many old comrades have no concept, I visited a specialized management, old comrades in such matters, said his impression
only a few cents or pennies.
At the same time, because of the national staff with many children those living in difficult, leaving a supply system of the Works just decided to post
responsibilities and tasks, rank status and rewards before deciding, so a lot of small government big job, small or high official level there was no official post
phenomenon. such as when a lot of the Central Bureau of 11, 12 cadre posts only officer. Army headquarters organizations and institutions in matters military
, 10, 11, 12 of the officers, staff, assistants and teachers are also common. As author Li, Chief 9
level, position is the supplement of Tianjin Daily editorial. and then crossed to the Chief 13, 13 and above to enjoy the high-level cadres to be
case, it is a typical Because of the substantial increase in living standards, ease of mind to the vast majority of cadres to work, but there are also individual cadres
for various reasons ideological problems arising from low assessment. low assessment of the reasons why there are several: First, the qualifications < br> and duties of contradictions. Some of the qualifications of cadres is very old, but the ratings different positions, levels tend to be different. If I
visited the three old comrades, all the comrades join the revolution of 1934, which Shijiazhuang in 1948, a liberation of the workers due to a
origin, was transferred to the plant of any director, later transferred to Beijing, is still the director, the results of classification, the other two were rated as
10 级He was rated 12. Another example is the writer Yao Xueyin, formerly Shanghai Great China University professor. later transferred to Henan Sheng Wenlian
, only eight were rated as Art (equivalent to Lecturer). and then have the same positions, due to the different qualifications, will have different ratings, a military veteran told the author
bit, he was group chief of staff ratings, as is the army before 1942, was named deputy group, 14
level; the same is the group chief of staff, joined the army after 1942, he incurs assessment whichever group, 15. as far as he recalled the troops endowed,
also plays an important role in qualification, the same is the division level, and if the Red Army, Major-General to grant not only be granted if the Red Army Colonel
, level of course there is a corresponding difference. visit also talked about some of the old comrades of unforeseen circumstances, such as when taking part in the revolutionary age of
small, can not remember the specific time, by filling the impression, just a few benchmarks later than the date of rating (eg, 6 July 1937, September 2, 1945, September 30, 1949), can make the ratings affected. for these ratings and for
ideological problems arise, Mao Zedong in March 18, 1957 meeting of party members and cadres in Jinan criticism was Assessment is the wrong, you have to swallow, tears will not flow out to
flow inside. granted, the Central is not allowed, Xu will ask in the low assessment ratings, the final top ten will have 9 as four, independent Xu light up as five
. This won the appreciation of Mao Zedong, has repeatedly praised. < br> level all the ratings of those who held important positions are non-discriminatory treatment of non-party, or even by the high evaluation.
most typical example is the Soong Ching Ling was named Chief 1, the wage is 579.5 yuan, and Mao, Liu, Zhou Zhu and other leaders have named the Chief 2
level, wages 404.8 yuan. are the upper and lower level are in the 3,4-level, vice-minister may assess to 5. well-known community leaders
Tan Jibei assessment level 3 . the majority of people outside the mind of the general appreciation of the Communist Party, and is pleased to receive, especially some of the nation itself was home minister of industry, real
governor, do not seem to grade. > Off Su cream rating, since you two as art, wages fell from 800 until 280. like Bing Xin, Zhang Tianyi and a number for
home,UGG boots, have been named literary one. University Prior to actually have levels,UGGs, but the same attention to the ratings. Yinke
, Liang, Chen Daisun, Jian Bozan, Feng, Wang Li, Ji, Huiyin, Guo Shao Yu, Jingwen, etc. been assessed
is one. National Ping Chu 1 was a total of 56 professors, evaluation is very strict. Ji has explained the meaning of wages at that time,
he is a professor, the monthly wages of 345 yuan, plus CAS academician allowance 100 yuan, 445 yuan. and eat a
Moscow restaurant, about 1.5 to 2 million, soup taste, butter bread, a glass of beer. There was even a special
special provision that members than non-members to take a certain percentage less the same level of wages, which is very prominent in intellectual circles, the ratio
is that wages are less than 200 yuan to get 2%; 100 to 200 dollars, take 1% less. If Class 6 district two professors wage 287.5 yuan
, Professor of party members to take 281.7 yuan; Higher eight lecturers to 106 yuan, 104.9 yuan party is taking.
old professor, a party of the author, said: then it is a very honorable thing. . to determine the administrative-level cadres, cadres of course, inseparable from the duties and contributions. administrators
not divided into 23. the corresponding duties are as follows:
23 级 associate with positive displacement, 22, vice even, 21 level is even
20 Quasi camp, 19 deputy camp, 18 are business
17 Quasi group, 16 deputy group, 15 are corporations
14 Quasi division, 13 deputy division, 12 is Quasi Normal
11 Jun, 10 deputy army, nine are military
8 Quasi Corps, seven deputy corps, six are Quasi Field Army Corps
5, four Vice-Field Army , three are Field Army
1,2 level is the principal leaders of the party and state-level wage
established more than 700 million, three-level wage of 400 yuan, ten more than wage of 200 yuan, seventeen wage 97 yuan.
military cadres should be noted that the same level than the local cadres to take a high salary. If seventeen local pay 97 yuan
, force is 114 yuan. The President took only three levels of wages, prompted group, such as the Politburo Standing Committee, Central Military Commission vice chairman, were also
coach to take three wage. It is said that only the individual who took a salary, such as Song Qingling.
level cadres, since the enactment of 55 years in 61 to 64 years, when the low grading of individual cadres made an adjustment (long one), has remained the same since.
senior cadres of the concept: 13 and above for senior cadres, to the Cultural Revolution after the late reduce the number of senior cadres of sickness and death and other reasons, the senior cadres of the team adds another 14.
level cadres at the time of life is often used, the central document to convey to the county group level, not only refers to the regiment level or above the county dry
Department, but more than 17 cadres should listen to.
level cadres was to develop things, in addition to the establishment of technical level and the workers level. when compared to the leaders of the highest lead
(wage 400) and general workers (40 to 60) of the wage level, the gap in less than ten times.
the liberation war, with cadres at and above the horse business, there are full-time grooms, the horses are registered by the forces and parties to
feed and supply departments to prepare the standard Yanmar higher feed. troops fighting in the paint, with the local forage supply sector
paid to the local vote, when the troops fighting on the outside, you'll see in the frontline troops in the There is a force just fodder.
Liberation War, as a large number of captured American jeep, is the beginning of combat units above the division level with a jeep, the liberation of
after the manner of division level and above units come equipped with cars, trucks should be in the first Warsaw the list of approved equipment. is more than military cadres with car
, driver, secretary. red, Shanghai has just produced, the only state leaders take a large number of features to
after the sixties, and gradually the military in the province , to teacher popular. Cultural Revolution, have county-level units with Shanghai group, but the red flag to the division level in a single
bit rare, the provincial army level and above were more common.
Marshal is the executive levels, to enjoy the Politburo Members treatment; general executive four, enjoy Deputy Prime Minister treatment; will
executive five, to enjoy the State Council Secretary General treatment; (more than can be counted as general leader of the party and state) will be the Chief
six and enjoy the benefits of Ministers; Major General Chief seven, enjoying ministerial medical treatment. is the top generals will be more,
can be equipped with security secretary and health care doctors, cooks, servants. take the red flag should be a level 5 or above.
holding the rank of executive-level set is not correct. rank and position are open, but do not open the administrative level to the death
, only I know and a few insiders know. old comrades generally little to show off their executive-level experience and
, it repeated the baseless assertion very much. upstairs was said Tang Liang is the Chief Secretary of nine, so that the secretary might have to qualify with mao was
, mostly hearsay Bale. from being military Corps are being granted to the rank of lieutenant general, their qualifications and contributions
offered are different, so their wage levels also vary. rank is used in recognition of war service, the wage level is used
to eat.
duties and the relationship between the executive level is not static. Jianguo corps-level cadres to seek provincial and ministerial level
bit hard yet, but 60 years later, especially during the Cultural Revolution, the military level officials have embarked on provincial power generally, so
provincial corps with the argument. to crush the Gang of Four during the Cultural Revolution after the late, 12,13-level officials have embarked on a large number of provincial
, China Guofeng, later. not all do. Jiang rating in 55 years when the county group level, but never went over 80 years do not have embarked on a provincial-level leadership positions
!
now some of the young historians home when they write the history of the place more than a far-fetched. writing evolved into the inner-party struggle to blame individual ex
. I want to ask these young historians who do not speak if the principle of the struggle within the party do not rise to the line height , but instead compete
field of personal grievances, the Communist Party can be developed to win the national regime? writing veteran, if the old qualifications to non-
not invented on a certain level, to show understanding of the people. fact that the white on the set of the old system of administrative-level solutions can not
.
me give two examples of executive-level classification:
two elderly people I know are pro-uncles brothers, both before the war Teachers admitted to study together, and join together with leather
life, After the war, they both work in the Jizhong, the liberation war, his brother remained Hebei, Hebei Province is later, my brother went to North China to make a side
The leadership, after the next and from the central to local grading .55 years, the brother 13, brother 1
0 level, the gap much ah!
liberation war my father worked in 62 Army, and his head of the surname Wang is the old Red Army, suffered multiple injuries after returning to North Korea against U.S. aid
jobs to place a paper mill in the city when the secretary of 55 years given a higher classification level when given only 13 level.
also have worse, the captain of Health Mission (now operating level) participated in the revolution than the head of the surname Wang still early, he made long have trouble holding his regiment
Mozhe, the students had teachers Tu from .51 to settle his gang after the completion of land in Western destroy jobs, to a county-level city when the Health Secretary
(or vice, the transfer only after the positive), 55-year rating 16.
same old Red Army, 7-8 class has, 15,16 are also plenty of class, which read your posts and contributions to the
Monday, December 13, 2010
Happy weekend! Constellation 12 Constellation dating happy little prince key
Virgo
Key Key words: generous
Virgo people are always entangled in the details poured out, even in dating but also to the speech from his deportment, as appropriate, over and over again. Emphasis on the date of this should be commended Virgo's finicky, but it is easy to think they are too artificial date, the lack of realism, but had a great effect on the date the negative effects. Therefore, when the Virgo dating the most important thing is to seem calm and generous, After all, this is the most beautiful look.
Libra
Key Key words: real people
Libra is always perfectly hopeless love, is said to have reached the limit for large S to never let your boyfriend know go to the bathroom when his. However, a general lack of humanity in the modern sense of security in this society, realism is particularly important,Bailey UGG boots, which date to discourage Libra's sense of security in the absence of, not forward. So, Libra to want to be dating the Queen, we should get rid of their dependence on the perfectionist, and sometimes also a kind of beauty defect, there is not a perfect foil will do the advantages of a more perfect Libra.
Scorpio
focus Keywords: kind
Scorpio would have been born with the charm, so do not need any of the finishes, they will be dating each other for dumping. does not mean that people do not Scorpio fatal date, the biggest drawback is that they are too cold, and arrogant and mystery, it is very easy to convince the other that you are a not good for people unfriendly, distant man who does not love you. So, if you want to date Scorpio fully succeed, we must play to their intimacy, temporarily put aside bones it hidden genes.
Sagittarius
focus Keywords: deep
Sagittarians are not too enthusiastic in conversation, and like to use body language, it is easy to let others frivolous manner that the person, not a can rest assured that the people began to fall in love, and therefore missed. In fact, Sagittarians have a deep and firm inner conviction, but was affected by their own behavior during which, if the date shown in the deep side of his is a success in hand the.
Capricorn
focus Keywords: humor
modern society, everyone has a basket of pressure, even when a date is stressful, after all, the purpose of each appointment is not easily make friends so simple. Therefore, the Capricorn with a straight face and talk about stereotypes topics like dating the spirit of always pulling his leg, because no one wants to date the table into a table. So, people need to think outside the box Capricorn , play to their sense of humor to win each other's heart.
Aquarius
Key Key words: normal
seems to use the word as a keyword will make a lot of dating Aquarius bottle indignation, but like Sic , and Aquarius is too weird brainstorms easily fall into the other side with too much. This is not only the other side feeling a serious lack of security, and make the other do not know how to get along with you, resulting in a loss. So , Aquarians can be a normal, if a date certain, it will make their own fun in the language of set off in the beautiful infinity.
Pisces
Key Key words: rational
Pisces people are always too eager to romantic fantasy, and every turn will cause the feelings show, tear strings. to say that this is very attractive, especially for what is born of people who want to protect. but in normal life, no one likes a day Spring and Autumn forest sister. Whenever the day, the total combination of emotional and rational needs, or even have a rational component should occupy a greater proportion of it. Therefore, the Pisces who wants to win the appointment, we must learn the words and think rationally the other side can be assured of love.
Aries
focus Keywords: reserved
Aries life of hearty, warm, so talk about when dating becomes cynical, you can eat, loudly, and very easy to laugh their heads off bend forward. This will make the other party that you are a person without good training, and can not understand from your behavior that you cheerful, so the date should be reserved some of Aries.
Taurus
focus Keywords: personality
dating people in Taurus is more a disadvantage, because the date of the most important is to rely on their own and different style of conversation and impress each other, but few words of caution and Taurus personality is very easy for people to understand their own mistakes, that he was a no independent thought,bailey UGG boots, no profound background of the people. so Taurus is the most important date to reflect their personality.
Gemini
focus Keywords: Although the words kept quiet
and kept asking questions to promote mutual understanding between themselves and each other, but this is after all not a speech contest and a press conference, so the atmosphere is too upset each other's enthusiasm will soon disappear Scots do, however love is needed mystery. Therefore, Gemini people should quiet, sometimes silence really is golden.
Cancer
Key Key words: acute
Cancer is always gentle and love at home, in the dating is also very easy reveal the desire for a happy family, but according to Many people also make you flinch. So Cancer is most needed is the occasional sharp, made himself a thorn in the rose, not a Kangnai Xin.
Leo
Key Key words: accommodation
Leo always self-centered, wish the world was in my hands, so the dating scene in order to walk from place often by their own single-handedly, but did not to give you a choice. This can easily lead the line on the other side discontent, and who do not want to ever face a king-like figure, who has control over part of human nature. So, Leo if you want to date successful, we must first learn to accommodate.
Key Key words: generous
Virgo people are always entangled in the details poured out, even in dating but also to the speech from his deportment, as appropriate, over and over again. Emphasis on the date of this should be commended Virgo's finicky, but it is easy to think they are too artificial date, the lack of realism, but had a great effect on the date the negative effects. Therefore, when the Virgo dating the most important thing is to seem calm and generous, After all, this is the most beautiful look.
Libra
Key Key words: real people
Libra is always perfectly hopeless love, is said to have reached the limit for large S to never let your boyfriend know go to the bathroom when his. However, a general lack of humanity in the modern sense of security in this society, realism is particularly important,Bailey UGG boots, which date to discourage Libra's sense of security in the absence of, not forward. So, Libra to want to be dating the Queen, we should get rid of their dependence on the perfectionist, and sometimes also a kind of beauty defect, there is not a perfect foil will do the advantages of a more perfect Libra.
Scorpio
focus Keywords: kind
Scorpio would have been born with the charm, so do not need any of the finishes, they will be dating each other for dumping. does not mean that people do not Scorpio fatal date, the biggest drawback is that they are too cold, and arrogant and mystery, it is very easy to convince the other that you are a not good for people unfriendly, distant man who does not love you. So, if you want to date Scorpio fully succeed, we must play to their intimacy, temporarily put aside bones it hidden genes.
Sagittarius
focus Keywords: deep
Sagittarians are not too enthusiastic in conversation, and like to use body language, it is easy to let others frivolous manner that the person, not a can rest assured that the people began to fall in love, and therefore missed. In fact, Sagittarians have a deep and firm inner conviction, but was affected by their own behavior during which, if the date shown in the deep side of his is a success in hand the.
Capricorn
focus Keywords: humor
modern society, everyone has a basket of pressure, even when a date is stressful, after all, the purpose of each appointment is not easily make friends so simple. Therefore, the Capricorn with a straight face and talk about stereotypes topics like dating the spirit of always pulling his leg, because no one wants to date the table into a table. So, people need to think outside the box Capricorn , play to their sense of humor to win each other's heart.
Aquarius
Key Key words: normal
seems to use the word as a keyword will make a lot of dating Aquarius bottle indignation, but like Sic , and Aquarius is too weird brainstorms easily fall into the other side with too much. This is not only the other side feeling a serious lack of security, and make the other do not know how to get along with you, resulting in a loss. So , Aquarians can be a normal, if a date certain, it will make their own fun in the language of set off in the beautiful infinity.
Pisces
Key Key words: rational
Pisces people are always too eager to romantic fantasy, and every turn will cause the feelings show, tear strings. to say that this is very attractive, especially for what is born of people who want to protect. but in normal life, no one likes a day Spring and Autumn forest sister. Whenever the day, the total combination of emotional and rational needs, or even have a rational component should occupy a greater proportion of it. Therefore, the Pisces who wants to win the appointment, we must learn the words and think rationally the other side can be assured of love.
Aries
focus Keywords: reserved
Aries life of hearty, warm, so talk about when dating becomes cynical, you can eat, loudly, and very easy to laugh their heads off bend forward. This will make the other party that you are a person without good training, and can not understand from your behavior that you cheerful, so the date should be reserved some of Aries.
Taurus
focus Keywords: personality
dating people in Taurus is more a disadvantage, because the date of the most important is to rely on their own and different style of conversation and impress each other, but few words of caution and Taurus personality is very easy for people to understand their own mistakes, that he was a no independent thought,bailey UGG boots, no profound background of the people. so Taurus is the most important date to reflect their personality.
Gemini
focus Keywords: Although the words kept quiet
and kept asking questions to promote mutual understanding between themselves and each other, but this is after all not a speech contest and a press conference, so the atmosphere is too upset each other's enthusiasm will soon disappear Scots do, however love is needed mystery. Therefore, Gemini people should quiet, sometimes silence really is golden.
Cancer
Key Key words: acute
Cancer is always gentle and love at home, in the dating is also very easy reveal the desire for a happy family, but according to Many people also make you flinch. So Cancer is most needed is the occasional sharp, made himself a thorn in the rose, not a Kangnai Xin.
Leo
Key Key words: accommodation
Leo always self-centered, wish the world was in my hands, so the dating scene in order to walk from place often by their own single-handedly, but did not to give you a choice. This can easily lead the line on the other side discontent, and who do not want to ever face a king-like figure, who has control over part of human nature. So, Leo if you want to date successful, we must first learn to accommodate.
Twelve Horoscope Ranking 2010 Analysis
Capricorn Love No. 1 cause of two proud! Stationed as lucky Jupiter in 2010, Capricorn is on good financial management, has good fortune and positive people who benefited the most. Money income will be quite substantial, it is envy. Love Games this year will be very smooth, Yixing Yuan good chance Aventure plenty of money, likely to have a heart feeling, do not put too much feelings too quickly, or else suffer their own! love the feelings of a married person with a partner Furthermore, more and more sweet. For a single person, Constellation Little Prince suggest that you attend a gathering among friends or other social activities, love life would make some progress. wealth, under the year to come, money is also easy to have an accident harvest, but, like, like Sagittarius, too greedy to care will lead to consumption of wealth. cause to start a business, or hopping, try out new work, there will be not the same gains. note that the people around, it just might be can help you find the elegant Oh. Academic Come on! Capricorn! 2010, your academic efforts will receive more results than before. always thinking about learning a foreign language but have not continued diligent Capricorn, this Olympic year is to re- a good time to start again Oh! Home Capricorn can be used in 2010 the arrangement of exotic wind, the use of a large number of their favorite, with a deep furniture to set up their foreign customs, but also can mix and match the bold Without Borders is also very good direction. Health should diet, some can not avoid the dinner or dinner occasion, please carefully choose the food with less oil than the light. casual enough sleep and rest is very important. out of leisure, you can choose the way fixed-point days, do not rush in all sightseeing and forth, playing up more laid-back relaxation. way in helping to expand relationships with orange for the role of inhibition, when you do not want to let too many people bothering you, you can use oh. side around the luck many good friends, Aries friend to help you take the initiative, is a good thing better. The first two Taurus】 smooth, too proud! 2010, keen to chase the money for the Taurus, it will be a year to meet the . In terms of friends and elegant Win the 2010 Taurus super strong, not only expand the circle of life, will know more new friends, they will cause you have a great help. on the Taurus, the Jupiter, Saturn and Venus in 2010 to form a perfect angle, this time love will be very smooth operation. However, because apart from lucky Jupiter, the representative of mutations throughout the year Uranus is in your social house. So, be careful relationships is also a double-edged sword, too many social activities, or make you distracted or lose morale. pay attention to who is really beneficial to your friends, do not self-defeating, so that good fortune had reversed in the past. love you to the single said that this year's love is sweet, even heartbreak, and immediately next to the support of friends from the affair will give you full comfort. married to you, and the feelings of love will be more harmonious. wealth work great progress, followed by wealth but also quite good, in addition to long-term fund investment, the higher the risk you can try, a little higher profit financial products, as long as know how to spread the risk, enough is enough, there will be a good recovery. cause there will be elegant aid, there will be a good opportunity and space to play, taking advantage of the positive performance of the work will allow the development of homeopathy in 2010 upward. but keep in mind for your people, to avoid a quarrel with his colleagues dispute. academic school of the Taurus, should be put away learning, emotional rambling past and concentrate in school. Taurus job training, and do not always find an excuse to not take into account busy with work, school, since money and time spent, both of Taurus the most important thing, only on hard Qupin a success. home of the layout of the home in 2010, to be especially careful because of excessive decoration, design, consumption of the whole work becomes home. This will not only spend too much cost, too much decoration is still very likely to increase the risk of everyday life, may inadvertently cause some minor incidents, or be too complicated for good. Health accidental injury to be careful, especially with sharp utensils should pay special attention to, not one mind, can reduce the damage. have to know how to protect yourself out, do not tell people who disagree Nose bridge vertical eye, or easy tolerated, and even bloodshed, absolutely careful. casual to outdoor sports injuries and accidents to be careful to guard against falls, bruises. Swimming is Oh, good choice. way in helping you and elegant 2010 is a Capricorn. Capricorn friend will not necessarily be that good so your sentence but it is the truth! you will not listen to bad luck. Blue is a protected color, although not pleasant, but very useful for anti-villain. No. 3】 financial Sagittarius Sagittarius hh important than Valentine's fiscal house in this year's strong prosperous, the money will not have much pressure. you will be more focus on a lot of effort in the pursuit of personal achievement, in fact, the level of Sagittarius do not care about jobs, pragmatic in their work, but money can be better harvest. Sagittarius good popularity in the year due to their own talent and performance gain supervisors support and appreciation, but also assigned to the field or work opportunities abroad, do not give up this self-growth can be absorbed in different cultures. but may not be satisfactory in the Love Field! love romantic encounters strange year, but dew mostly love, can not long be maintained. fortunes Please note that fall from the sky good luck, fortune is around the corner! but do not taste the sweetness of some of them began to greedy, greedy speculators and Fall in love with it, no matter how good fortune will be too desire for more destruction. business should be prepared to run around everywhere, you may always travel to the field or socialize more, more difficult, and may often be counterproductive. want to break it, take the initiative to seek new opportunities as adopted, but to pay attention to legal issues to avoid lawsuits. academic year 2010, Sagittarius and even abroad, for the study. make arrangements to study and play time, not to the end of the semester before the semester or cramming, or performance may suffer. home home side, this year Sagittarius pay more attention to the situation of the kitchen, especially the aspects of electricity and the use of fire, must be especially careful to avoid unnecessary accidents. Health rushing striker 2010, the restless look gastrointestinal health. meal time as much as possible, not a busy them to ignore the normal rules of eating time, nor the casual eating, diet has long been overlooked, the quality and quantity, then your stomach will protest Oh! participate in water sports recreation careful attention to security, can take part in mountain climbing, hiking, training cardiopulmonary function, will help health. shipped abroad more than to relax is also pretty good. helping the way silver is your lucky color for 2010! silver shining symbol, when you feel confusion, the more appropriate to use this color . Pisces some slow reactions of friends, when you really hurry, it may be straightforward telling them, but they will help you avoid many have an impulse to commit the wrong. No. 4 Leo】 life like reputation earthquake! Leo 2010 is quite a busy year for luck, it is worth to take advantage and play of light and heat like the sun you! already very ambitious Lions can finally show its mettle this year and in the workplace, but also to the fullest, reputation earthquake! just sign the little prince or look at to remind you that is full of domineering and arrogant attitude, otherwise it will provoke a lot of criticism. remember that you must resist the impulse and aggression, or get along with others disagreement is easy because the sky spat. love affair this year increase the likelihood of risk. and a married man or a married woman, or the pursuit of death among tightly wrapped, there will be disputes unclear situation. should be handled with care. wealth, or whether it is extra windfall in 2010 are likely to come, but be careful do not be unprofitable, or money come and go. career girl, working, try and think of how a company make it, the boss will see your efforts .2010, there were opportunities for promotion and pay rise Oh! However, we must also be handled with care and the relationship between colleagues, so that exclusion or recruit people who Che Houtui. academic year, Leo you if more enriching professional knowledge, will make a higher level of performance has been terrific! Leo students in school, you need to study harder than usual to maintain the results. home in home in 2010 Leo's lucky color is sea blue . can be considered add some more at home and marine-related decorations, furniture, and more also can be blue, dark blue or navy blue decoration, will bring good luck. Health Your health in general, no major illness, to keep happy and relaxed, Eat a balanced diet can control. Women should be more attention to their physical condition, to avoid over exertion. casual work hard, but with too much communication between friends, but do not always live a healthy nightlife. Pub, club, KTV, the school yoga, do SPA, are suitable for the Lions in 2010. invite friends and family to drive up the mountain into the sea to play better! relieve stress, but also can adjust the body and mind, than to go shopping after work or a night-clubbing a more healthy and happy! Solutions Eritrea way you can not discern in the counsel of others, the Capricorn friend is your best strategy and elegant, they are able to easily see through someone else's trick .2010 lucky you are golden years. This is a wealth of colors also help, In 2008, the special ability to bring Windfall 5th Scorpio】 hard! dream of success at the front! Scorpio 2010 is a year of positive efforts to change and learn, all is not well to do except naturally. Meanwhile, we must remain optimistic, cheerful mind, strengthen self-confidence, attention and friends or work associates full communication at work can be more themselves. new ways of thinking and creativity can bring more development! to career and financial investment as a goal, work hard out of your own The world now! love if stable contacts in 2010, is expected to work one step further. If not, there are some good objects in the side, carefully view my friends, and perhaps the right person to hide in them, but you have been did not find it. fortunes of their own relationship can be used to earn extra income, but they do not matter expert or wiser. cause to live within its means, slowly and surely appropriate, not because of good fortune came to him over-confident, smug, practical way to enhance their own strength is the best policy. Academic Games Scorpio good test in 2010, all license test, public test we can try! home Scorpio 2010 is a lot of high-tech products ready to purchase a good year, if you want purchase of new televisions, refrigerators, air conditioners and other household appliances, this is a suitable replace older a good time. health drink milk, enhance the storage with the absorption of calcium, 30-year-old life is to maintain bone health before the gold period, this time to eat foods rich in calcium maintenance of the body, it not only difficult to exercise injuries, old age can avoid osteoporosis or spinal Joint disorders Oh. leisure travel if, like him to pay attention to traffic safety, beware mass annihilation. weekday free time, not very intense exercise can be done. helping the red road to the vitality of infinite potential, you need to consolidate strength is especially useful when you are the best in elegant .2010 is Scorpio, the Scorpio you need particularly useful when detailed proposals, speak with one voice communication and easy! No. 6 Aries】 to go into business now! 2010 for Aries, the major benefit of increasing the reputation of all things conducive to the status of your hard work for yourself. This year will be a lot appreciated by others! more for the performance of their own, continuing the strong, combined with their work efficiency Mars Aries guardian energetic, full of exuberant enthusiasm, the power will be more successful double! really have a lot of opportunities this year, And the benefits are more favorable factors. The most important, in 2010, you are full of confidence and vitality! dream will come true! 2010, you can say that this is a big success, the success you desire sense, would frequently come. Aries 2010 Love is not difficult to find a good object, Aventure after another. into love you, be sure to clearly identify what they want, a good hard-won new business feeling it. wealth outside of work The flat side wealth, and more help from relatives and friends. pay your conservative investments, should just leave. the cause of a year of harvest work, hand planning or implementation will be realized one by one, both with supervisors, colleagues or work friends along well, and thus get a lot of help from others who, transfer or promotion has a good airplane. academic students in 2010 for Aries, whether knowledge or skills, if you have interest, are can learn, there will be good. to participate in some certification exams or language test, the probability of success will be high clearance Oh. home this year, in considering the housing, the most in need of attention is the convenience to work, in particular, is not to look too far away from their place of work of the house, it would be Aries people are a lot of trouble! health generally good health, eat more foods rich in fiber, such as brown rice, oats, various types of fruits and vegetables etc., allows the body to feel more light and refreshing. leisure vigorous outdoor activities are not suitable for Aries in 2010, suggested to many swimming muscles make the body look better. bubbling hot climb the hill are very physical and mental it comfortable leisure activities. way in helping you and elegant 2010 is a Libra, when you encounter a problem, they will help you find it! purple can bring a lot of creativity, to engage in creative and marketing people who are have a good help. may wish to wear gold ornaments, can enhance the ambition, strengthen self-confidence, and thus perform better 7th Pisces】 cause pain often have a love swing hh Pisces personality, the environment in 2010 compared with professional skills conducive to Pisces, there will be relatively superior performance. a little bit confused Pisces have a good 2010, the elegant workplace transport. If you want to change the duties or work environment, do not self-righteous, or good reminder for the older relatives a rebellious heart, stubborn to listen to advice, it might affect your development of the main factors. If you really want to start a new life plan, to give up the premise of the work carried out under the eyes. do not be too naive to believe that a person, I'm afraid will regret it too late. Love is blind, you are often easy to get stuck here, but knowing that they are impossible, it will only make you more pain. feelings of love and the other half is not stable. Communication is a good method, but also need to reflect on their own reason to avoid the cracks, never to be erased, leading to break up. fortunes in 2010 will reduce your income, the money collected could not come. If you are in debt at this time, then later life may become very painful. financial disputes can not be a good deal with the case, there is the possibility of a lawsuit to eat, so can not help but care. the cause of this year was a busy year, but there is a change. seize the opportunity to work with cooperation of the people, there may be another world. even want to seek stability, there will be endless work, to be to face the challenge! academic year does not matter what school of the collapse, set himself a simple, Easy to reach the learning program, please reliable friend or family member to help and urge you to complete, to avoid impatient, what are Mo Xuehao. for safer indoor ball games such as bowling, badminton, table tennis, volleyball, taking into account relaxation mood, venting emotions, improved health, and also avoid the possible dangers of outdoor activities. Sagittarius way in helping the people who is very cute, their humor is a must, there is much to learn from them your strengths. white peace and tranquility that allows you to have peace of mind in 2008. The first eight Libra】 No pain no gain! the various aspects of life can be greatly exceeded! this year to truly work plan, it may have received sudden and unexpected opportunity to Oh. It will be a very challenging year, the success or failure depends on how you show it! the whole, you good fortune in 2010, a constellation, you need strong perseverance and indomitable spirit, breaking many trials, play to their creativity and practical spirit, good luck to meet the work. love colorful love life in 2010, people around easily with the spark. face These may fall into the chaos of the affair, a good reason to be clear Oh, so good luck into a rotten peach. wealth is not particularly lucky guardian, wealth this year, unchanged, although revenue increased, but spending a lot depends on tight purse Do not impulse purchases, have a plan to spend money. the cause of hard work, its own influx of financial resources. This year, the point of working hard, but the pain no gain, this will be the best example of Libra in 2008. Academic 2010 academic heart of strong, my heart's desire to further study initiation to seek knowledge and not hinder the work of the emotions, but help. stop and think about how to take the next step. If you have enough gumption, there will be a breakthrough in the development of it. Libra easy to get lost in the home full or too high-priced furniture items on the slick, easy to spend so much money not used for some basic home supplies. suggest you do not get too superstitious better price. Health beans, fish high Protein and fat do not worry about the food you can eat. In addition, hold on and do more aerobic exercise or muscle training now! leisure leisure time in addition to having a more than rest, you can learn yoga, qigong and other sports, balanced body and mind! way in helping the green to have a work and study the effect of stimulation, if you need to boost morale, it is recommended that you use the points more than the green. If you have a best friend of Sagittarius, is simply better than ten good friends, they are absolutely sincere in your and willing to help you when you betray you. No. 9 hh Cancer】 silent change the face of changes in the lives of Cancer is the main theme of the 2010, so this year to be moving steadily in their careers, and thoughts do not make their own sentimental Beyond switching to pessimism. encounter unhappy things do not have confidence to myself, feel that their vision of the future worthy of consideration, this impatient attitude to removal. you should fulfill our part, silent face, to develop a sense of achievement at work, learn more. Do not care about other people on your evaluation, you'll do a lot of fun, and constantly adjust their own end, can continue to progress, and naturally there will be luck fella! love, 2010, three a lucky Jupiter, Venus, Saturn is shining in your marriage of true love, notice may come of jubilation, for talk of marriage, no objects were also expected to find a good partner too! wealth by 2010, from the Fortune Saturn pressure care, pay attention to live within our means, spend money in a planned, the best account in mind, they are not constraints. especially careful not to borrow money, or make risky investments in a partnership, which can make you even bankruptcy. career we did not likely to be rewarded, but also probably because of the interference of others leaving the original plan can not proceed smoothly. but please yourself, not for you quit in 2010. academic year 2010, students will more 跑跑 Cancer bookstore, books Museum, you will find that there are so many interesting knowledge waiting for you. There is also easy to get to know good friends, and their communication will enable you to gain a lot. older seniors will increase your interest in learning! Home home layout above, have children to tend to more lively Cancer, mainly romantic decoration. of course, the cartoon character is completely unnecessary, but on the whole lively and bold use of color, will make life more fun parenting Cancer ! healthy eating fattening foods more refined, more attention to the 2010 intake of fruits and vegetables to avoid cholesterol, fat is too high, causing other unnecessary health problems. leisure leisure to go out this year to guard against accidents, not to have too much physical exertion , not to carry out more dangerous activities. weekday to jogging in the park, play, or with family, friends to the outdoor picnic outings are good! way in helping you and elegant 2010 is a Sagittarius, Sagittarius friends may temper Some impatient for you, but they rarely hold a grudge, and their interaction is fairly simple ah! and they talk it! they will be your lucky star 2010 Oh! 2010, lucky color is yellow, yellow to bring to good entertainment operation, citrine is able to improve your fortunes Oh! No. 10 Aquarius】 solid hold onto! 2010, Aquarius, both in business and wealth will have a good performance. of course, because you're excellent Judgement and intuition to make you investment and financing on the duck to water. Saturn will make you face new challenges at work, so the ability to be more professional and pragmatic to face, while with continuous learning and enhance computer and other professional knowledge. This year, there are also many opportunities for travel abroad, learning operation is not too bad. Despite the overall good luck, it must be more to hold onto in order to avoid being dragged down because the pursuit of change. love not because of work or relationship between the academic side ignored the other half. work to a new understanding of people may have been involved in the crisis had two relationships! fortunes in 2010 although a lot of money, but enjoy the hard earned wealth but also the way with careful planning Do not just blindly credit card, be careful Oh reduced paycheck to paycheck. cause should not be a big change .2010 obstacles in work are more likely to change in the work environment may also be that you are not careful, thoughtful or comprehensive enough. In short some of the good things conservative . school exam results this year, perhaps not to your expectations, but do not lose hope, will contribute to the accumulation of 2010, the success of next year. home this year, Aquarius shipped in housing belonging to real estate investors can profit role in the sale of real estate will have a good income revenue. For Aquarius, this is a really nice thing, oh. to take advantage of, there may be a large profit. healthy instant noodles inside the convenience store as well as type of instant food is convenient, but convenience does not equal health, a packet of instant noodles in the heat may be equal to half the total calories for one day! and the lack of various nutrients, hard points, choose a different restaurant or simply go home to eat it! leisure to find a friend play basketball, or more than two ball games with other vent their emotions, relieve stress it. may not work satisfactory, but also to maintain physical and mental health in order to continue to work in the future. helping the way friends are Gemini passion to see you do not have the spirit, they will cheer for you, they will be infected with the vitality of you. orange because of the feeling of comfort to enhance your interpersonal Games Oh! 11th Gemini】 Come on! catch changes in the family ball! 2010, belongs to the family of Gemini is a year of family responsibility will be very large, will face a rapidly changing situation. This year, the depravity of work and family to find a balance between the twin, life is still unstable . as a symbol of changing Uranus Officer Paul still guarding your house, so had to change their thinking to embrace change. fickle Gemini personality already, by many twists and turns, and perhaps will lead to some problems adjusting. Therefore, the constellation of small Prince is not enough to persuade you to change the original pragmatic approach, the courage to face reality and seek a stable family relationship, to take on family responsibilities, you should be good role to play. This will have other good luck. love with your partner feelings may be cracks. married people to beware of peach. Maybe this is a good time, make you think carefully about the value of family. The couples are dating, like him to take the time to care about each other, feeling not only the beginning of the maintenance passion. fortunes do not expect any form of partial financial, regardless of the lottery or the stock, will not have any gains, but also easy to provoke loss of money is the best way to keep less money, time deposit, or guaranteed funds are suitable for 2010 you. career this year in the workplace and the environment tend to have the personnel turbulence, work may also be less effective, be careful strain, can be inaction, through the machine and wait for change, everything go caution is appropriate. Academic 2010 to enrich themselves do not have to develop many great plans, so that can not cope, but into anxiety with uncertainty, but merely having a final say. constellation proposed the little prince you step by step, easy to reach the goal from the beginning, slowly accumulation of learning will be as before. home layout of the home in 2010 in terms of the Gemini is a warm year, home is best equipped to take the mature spindle style, extensive use of silver-white with brown or khaki series, showing a sense of stability, can be more solidarity rally for the whole family too! physical health would be weaker in 2010, the disease can easily find you. have underestimated the effect of the illness is not, or become ill from childhood diseases, but not worth the candle. In terms of diet , more intake of fruits and vegetables food, so you are less likely to fall ill, increases good luck! leisure June and October to be careful when going out traffic safety, to prevent accidental injury occurred. do some simple stretching exercises before going to bed or sit-ups, to avoid the stomach, thigh fat or something more is not enough bowel. way in helping you and elegant 2010 is Aries. Arians quite generous, if you need help, they will not care that little bit of trivial matters. red close to make others like you, use it to improve your relationships! No. 12 Virgo】 abandon prejudices! 2010, a lot of pressure, you will have a lot of things could not understand. Instead of criticizing others there, might as well lend a helping hand to others. You are always to be called the efficiency of the promise, may wish to bring it into other areas of life in it! work will often disagree with my colleagues because the bickering. abandon prejudices it! so that it can ease the situation. This year the focus is on family and colleagues to pay more attention! Love Do not put a high profile in emotion, while critical of others, reflect on their own to use the same standard. looking any attitude likely to hurt others. more avoid both ways, because you may also lose two are nice to people. Do not expect positive financial wealth than the fortune, usually to cut costs, do not put gambling game in stock, or never return a great possibility. undertaking fortune was flat, no major breakthrough. the development of women in the workplace slightly better than men. Note that for office have to carefully deal with that! studies do not allow the environment to give you the depressed mood of the learning interest. even listen to lectures, take a look at books, magazines, can help you out down the emotional climate, open up and find the mood to learn. home in the home's design, layout, this year can use some new post-modern style of art or works of, for example, easily create a simple furniture, or designing a wind is very strong, daily necessities, Virgo can bring a sense of renewed life. Health should pay more attention to balanced daily diet! if often entertaining difficult to control, then take one multivitamin a day, or eat more fruits with vitamin C to prevent resistance to lack of sick Oh! worry too much leisure can affect health! sitting too long is also easily lead to muscle, bone pain, go to the gym right time to seize the gap. or more to the countryside with friends, walk, breathe the fresh air of nature, mind and body will feel more comfortable. helping the Aries lively way, if you are arrangements for the 2008 plan, it may went to consult it! This year, your lucky color is black. black is not easy to get attention, if you want to hide in a quiet corner, you can use it! < br>
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