Appreciation car

 A car's main structure parameters and performance parameters

the main features of the car loaded with technical features and use different engine types and characteristics, often have the following structural parameters and performance parameters.
1. Vehicle Equipment Quality (kg): vehicle fully equipped with good quality, including lubricants, fuel, vehicle tools, spare tire and all the device quality.
2. maximum gross mass (kg): total weight when fully loaded car.
3. Maximum load mass (kg): a road car in the maximum load quality.
4. maximum axle load mass (kg): Single of the car carrying the maximum total mass. And the road through the sex-related.
5. Vehicle Length (mm): car length distance between the end poles.
6. Width (mm): vehicle width direction of polarization of the distance between endpoints.
7. Height (mm): the highest point to ground vehicles between the distance.
8. wheelbase (mm): auto front axle center to rear axle center distance.
9. wheelbase (mm): sedan car is about the same distance between the centerline of the tire tread.
10. front overhang (mm): front end to the front axle car distance from the center.
11. rear overhang (mm): end-to-last car from the rear axle center.
12. Minimum ground clearance (mm): car at full load, the lowest point of the distance to the ground.
13. Approach angle (°): front-wheel cars to the front of the salient points with the ground lead of the tangent angle.
14. departure angle (°): car rear salient points tangent to the rear wheels and the ground lead angle.
15. turning radius (mm): steering, the car steering wheel center plane outside of the vehicle trajectory of the plane bearing radius. Steering wheel position to limit the turning radius of the smallest turning radius.
16. maximum speed (km / h): the car when driving straight on the road to achieve maximum speed.
17. the largest climbing degree (%): vehicle loaded with the maximum climbing ability.
18. The average fuel consumption (L/100km): cars on the road driving an average fuel consumption per hundred kilometers.
19. wheels and wheel the number of number of (n × m): the number of wheel to wheel is measured based on the number, n the total number of representatives of the wheels of vehicles, m the number of representatives of the driving wheel. Basic parameters of a car engine, including engine cylinders, arranged in the form of cylinder, valve, displacement, the maximum output power, maximum torque.
20, Number of cylinders: cylinders commonly used in automobile engine cylinder are 3,4,5,6,8. 1 liter engine displacement of less commonly used 3-cylinder, 1 - 2.5 liters 4-cylinder engine is generally, about 3 liters is usually 6-cylinder engine, 4 liters of 8-cylinder, 5.5 liters with a 12-cylinder engine. In general, in the same bore, the cylinder a few more, larger displacement, higher power; in the same displacement, the more the number of cylinders, bore the smaller, speed can be improved, resulting in a larger increase power.
21, the cylinder arrangement in the form: General 5-cylinder engine of the cylinder below the line arranged to use more minority-line 6-cylinder engine the way there. Straight into the engine cylinder block lined up, cylinder block, cylinder head and crankshaft simple structure, low cost, low-speed torque characteristics of a good, fuel consumption, compact size, used widely, the disadvantage is lower power. Inline 6 cylinder good dynamic balance, vibration is relatively small. Most of 6 to 12 with V-shaped arrangement of the engine cylinder, V-shaped or cylinder sub-four staggered angle of the compact body, V-shaped engine length and height of small size, layout is very convenient. V8 engine structure is very complicated, the manufacturing cost is high, so use less, V12 engine is too large too heavy, only a very few limousine used.
22, number of valves: Domestic engine they use a 2-valve per cylinder, that is an intake valve, an exhaust valve; commonly used foreign car engine 4-valve per cylinder structure, the two intake valves, 2 exhaust valves, improves intake and exhaust efficiency; Some foreign companies began to use 5-valve per cylinder structure, the three intake valves, 2 exhaust valves, the main role is to increase the gas flow, a more thorough combustion. The number of valves is not possible, 5-valve intake can actually improve efficiency, but the structure is extremely complex and difficult process, using less domestic production of the new Jetta on the use of five-valve engine.
23, Displacement: the cylinder volume is the work of the piston from TDC to BDC and the sweep gas volume, also known as single-cylinder displacement, which depends on the bore and piston stroke. Engine displacement is the sum of the working volume of each cylinder, are generally used (L) to represent. Engine displacement is one of the most important structural parameters, it is more than the number of representatives and the cylinder bore size of the engine, the engine of many of the indicators are closely related with the displacement.
24, the maximum output power: maximum power output for general use horses (PS) or kilowatts (KW) to represent. The output power of the engine with the speed in it as the speed increases, the engine power have been increased, but to a certain speed after power but decline. General instructions for use in the car while the maximum output power rpm to represent (r / min), such as 100PS/5000r/min, that is 5,000 rpm per minute up to 25, the output power of 100 horsepower.
maximum torque: engine output torque from the crankshaft end, that torque is Nm / r / min, maximum torque in the engine in general, low-speed range, with increased speed, torque but will decline. Of course, while in the choice of how to weigh the rational use of existing functionality is not wasted. For example, Beijing is necessary for winter and summer air conditioning, the choice of engine power when necessary to take into account not too small; only in the city loop car commuter traffic, there is no need to pick too much horsepower engine. As far as possible the economic, rational matching engine.

Second, the basic parameters of the engine Detailed
1, Number of cylinders: cylinders commonly used in automobile engine cylinder are 3,4,5,6,8,10,12. 1 liter engine displacement of less commonly used three-cylinder, typically 1 to 2.5 liter four-cylinder engine, 3 liters is usually about 6-cylinder engine, 4 liters of 8-cylinder, 5.5 liters with a 12-cylinder engine. In general, in the same bore, the cylinder a few more, larger displacement, higher power; in the same displacement, the more the number of cylinders, bore the smaller, speed can be improved, resulting in a larger increase power.
2, the cylinder arrangement in the form: General 5-cylinder multi-cylinder engine below arranged by line, a few 6-cylinder inline engines there are ways in the past also had straight 8-cylinder engine. Straight into the engine cylinder block lined up, cylinder block, cylinder head and crankshaft simple structure, low cost, low-speed torque characteristics of a good, fuel consumption, compact size, used widely, the disadvantage is lower power. Generally below 1 liter 3-cylinder gasoline engine to use more line 1 to 2.5 liter gasoline engine to use more inline 4-cylinder, four-wheel drive vehicles use some inline 6-cylinder, because of its width is small, can be arranged at the side of the turbocharger slander and other facilities. Inline 6 cylinder good dynamic balance, vibration is relatively small, so also for some in cars with high pole, such as the old Shanghai sedan.
6 ~ 12-cylinder engines generally use the V-arrangement, in which the main mounted V10 engine car. V-shaped engine length and height of small size, layout is very convenient, but is generally believed that the engine is relatively high V-shaped engine, has become one of the hallmarks car level. V8 engine structure is very complicated, the manufacturing cost is high, so use less, V12 engine is too large too heavy, only a very few limousine used. Volkswagen has recently developed a W-type engine, there are two kinds of W8, and W12, that sub-four staggered cylinder angle of the body compact.
2, number of valves: Domestic engine they use a 2-valve per cylinder, that is an intake valve, an exhaust valve; commonly used foreign car engine 4-valve per cylinder structure, the two intake valves, 2 exhaust valves, improves intake and exhaust efficiency; Some foreign companies began to use 5-valve per cylinder structure, the three intake valves, 2 exhaust valves, the main role is to increase the gas flow, a more thorough combustion. The number of valves is not possible, 5-valve intake can actually improve efficiency, but the structure is extremely complex and difficult process, using less domestic production of the new Jetta on the use of five-valve engine.
Displacement: the cylinder volume is the work of the piston from TDC to BDC and the sweep gas volume, also known as single-cylinder displacement, which depends on the bore and piston stroke. Engine displacement is the sum of the working volume of each cylinder, are generally used (L) to represent.
3, the engine displacement is one of the most important structural parameters, it is more than the number of representatives and the cylinder bore size of the engine, the engine with the displacement of many indicators are closely related. On the car, the displacement is a more important technical parameters, it shows the approximate power vehicles, equipment and price levels, but in China's car engine has a displacement of other significance.
4, the maximum output power: maximum power output for general use horses (PS) or kilowatts (KW) to represent. The output power of the engine with the speed in it as the speed increases, the engine power have been increased, but to a certain speed after power but decline. General instructions for use in the car while the maximum output power rpm to represent (r / min), such as 100PS/5000r/min, that is 5,000 rpm per minute, the maximum output power of 100 horsepower.
5, maximum torque: engine output torque from the crankshaft end, that torque is Nm / r / min, maximum torque in the engine in general, low-speed range, as the speed increased, torque but will decline.

Third, what is Since September 1, 2001, the state ban on the production and sale of carburetor cars and more make this a hot topic warming. Emission standards in relation to the relevant regulations and articles often appear in
According to the information, European standards are a professional and technical areas, it is the formulation of the unity of the European Economic Community Commission Directive 91/441/EEC, covering different types of vehicle emissions regulations.
to design crew is no more than 6 persons (including driver), the total mass of not more than 2.5 tons of cars, for example, in the 1 January 1999 to 31 March 2003-12, must meet emission limits are: carbon monoxide is not more than 3.16 g / km, no more than 1.13 grams of hydrocarbons / km; In addition, particulate matter emitted by diesel vehicles not more than 0.18 g / km to 50,000 km durability. This is the standard in Europe I, the relevant provisions. In the January 1, 2004 after the requirements of these vehicles emit carbon monoxide gas is not more than 2.2 g / km, hydrocarbons, not more than 0.5 g / km; carbon monoxide emissions from diesel vehicles not more than 1.0 g / km, hydrocarbons, not more than 0.7 g / km, particles less than 0.08 g / km. This is the European standard II, the relevant provisions.

four, multi-valve engine
1886 年 1 29, Germany Karl • Benz will own the four red single-cylinder research engine fitted with fuel car and get a three patents , From this day the world first real car. It can be said, is the engine to create the car. The basic structure of the engine (pictured) is a cylinder 1, piston 2, the connecting rod 3, the crankshaft 4 and other major parts, each of at least two valves of a cylinder, an intake valve (blue) and one exhaust valve (orange .)
valve engine valve train device is an integral part of the work in the engine play a very important role. The work of running the engine from the fuel intake, compression, power and exhaust for the composition of the four working process. For continuous operation the engine must work to make the process of the four cycle, the order cycle time to work.
two of the working process, intake and exhaust processes, need to rely on the engine valve train exactly the order in accordance with the work of each cylinder delivery combustible mixture (petrol engine) or the fresh air (diesel engine), and discharge combustion emissions. The other two work processes, the process of compression and for power, the cylinder must be isolated from the outside into the combustion chamber and exhaust channels, to prevent escape of gas in order to ensure the engine to work properly. Is responsible for the mechanical work of the valve Valve. It is like the breathing organs, inhaling breath, lack of it can not. As technology advances, auto engine speed has become increasingly high, modern car engine speed is generally up to 5500 rpm per minute or more to complete just 0.005 seconds during the four hours of work, the traditional two-valve is not competent in such shortness of breath to complete the work within the time limit of the engine performance improved. Can only solve this problem is to expand the gas out of space. In other words is to use space for time. Multi-valve technology is the best way to solve the problem until the 80's to promote multi-valve technology was the overall quality of the engine has been a qualitative leap.
multi-valve engine is the number of each cylinder valve more than two, the two intake valves and one exhaust valve-style three-door; two intake valves and two exhaust valve four-valve-type; three intake valve and two five-valve-type exhaust valve. At present cars are mostly multi-valve four-valve engine type. 16-valve four-cylinder engine, 6 cylinder engine has 24 valves, 8-cylinder engines have 32 valves. For example, Japan Lexus LS400 sedan's engine is 8 cylinder 32-valve. Increase will increase the number of the corresponding valve Valve device structure is complex, generally two overhead camshafts to control the arrangement of the center line on both sides of the combustion chamber in the cylinder valve. Arranged in the center of the cylinder valve on both sides of the combustion chamber inclined position, in order to maximize the diameter of the valve head to increase flow through the area, improving the ventilation performance, the formation of a spark plug located in the central compact combustion chamber, the mixture is conducive to rapid combustion.
been questioned, since the multi-valve well, why not see more than one valve 6-cylinder engine? Thermodynamics have one called Audi 100 cars to the engine, for example, four-valve . Of course, every thing has its certain application, not to say that the more the valve dropped, and the more bodies the more complex the valve, the cost will be. Therefore, the current multi-valve fuel car engine valves for each cylinder number is three to five, among which the most common four-valve.
gasoline engine, for example, multi-valve engine and compared the traditional two-valve engine, the former can inhale more air to mix fuel combustion for power, fuel savings, faster emissions, emissions pollution, can improve engine power and reduce noise, as consistent with improvement of the environment and energy development, so the rapid spread of multi-valve technology can open.
With the continuous improvement of technology, multi-valve gas engine of this technology have gradually overcome the defect. Now, almost all the world class cars are equipped with multi-valve fuel engine.

New vehicle running
car running on the topic has been talked about too much! whether a car or no car, and as long as the car has noted, we know that new car there is a run-in phase. Running on the new car, many people do not understand what is in the running in the end, many people think that as long as the relative movement of the parts has a running process, even more people on the new car running unnecessarily add a lot of precautions. So many people in the run-in period or overly cautious, or not consciously paying attention while running in violation of requirements. Here, we discuss: what is in the running car in the end? Run-in phase in addition to normal use and maintenance, there are issues which need special attention?
New car is called into use the car running the initial stage. All manufacturers have proposed to the user a running mileage, usually 1000-2000 km, and some models for the 2000-3000 km. In this run-in phase
, people will naturally think that the engine shaft and bearings, gearbox, clutch, brake components and the drive shaft and other moving parts need to run, which obviously can not say on According to the present design, processing technology and assembly technology, these parts have no need to go through a So, in the end what is in the running? Here inside the engine running is the fit between the piston cylinder walls!
In the engine. As the cylinder temperature and pressure are very high, high-speed movement of the piston and cylinder wall can not be through direct contact to play a seal, an activity gap between the two, and 密封 to ensure the realization by the piston rings. Gas ring and the ring is usually composed of oil ring, by definition, gas ring used to seal gas (to prevent the mixture within the cylinder or the exhaust gas into the crankcase, so the engine power down, and to prevent oil pollution), oil ring is used to seal oil (because of the oil crankcase crankshaft will be knocking cylinder walls, scrape off the oil ring is the role of the oil. to prevent oil entering the combustion chamber caused by burning oil phenomenon).
from the above description, we should pay attention to two points: 1) engine piston ring in the work needed to build cylinder pressure; 2) piston rings is a key component of running. Therefore, piston rings, whether in the The role is both to facilitate the opening of the assembly, and can automatically fine-tune the diameter with the wear and tear. In the new engine, the assembly together of different diameter piston rings and cylinder, in the round, will have a slightly different degrees, together with the respective size of the processing errors, so that the contact surface between the two generation gap. On the high-pressure cylinder, the impact of this gap really is not small!
New car factory, the engine piston cylinder walls have not been running, the contact surface there is space, so that the pressure inside the cylinder reach the design requirements, of fuel combustion, the engine may therefore lack power, working poor; through thousands of kilometers of running, gradually piston cylinder walls have a very good match, so that the cylinder pressure reaches the design value, the engine into the best working condition. This is why some people say: run-in period, the overall feeling of the engine would have been better, fuel consumption has also improved! Overhaul stage after the engine has run, but also from the same reasoning.
how to properly use and maintenance of vehicles, and there are a lot of content, drivers were aware, for example: general do not overload; not towing trailer or other vehicle or equipment; to label according to user requirements specification of fuel used and provisions of the types of oil; always check the gear oil (or use automatic transmission fluid), brake fluid, the direction of power fluid, clutch booster fluid, antifreeze and other circumstances in accordance with regulations change (or add); check the tire pressure; often Note that the situation in various parts of the fastening. The engine oil replacement time, the public run-in period will be slightly different, because the cylinder seal was not very good mixture of unburned gas and combustion emissions are likely to enter the crankcase. So that the oil deterioration accelerated, so the first - time for the oil might earlier.
run under the description on the face, there are two considerations are directly related and running:
1. Avoid high-speed
for thin annular piston ring and cylinder walls with clearance, the actual contact only part of the sections and points. In the running, the engine speed is too high to increase the natural nap, pull the cylinder piston rings enough, and the possibility of damage, so the general speed limit in the new car manufacturers will recommend 80-90 km / hour. In the 80-90 km / hour speed paragraph, whether adequate manual transmission car or automatic car, in accordance with the requirements of the normal shift into automatic speed switching point, the engine speed within the speed segment in 2500 r / min or so, the maximum will not exceed 3000 r / min. This is the key and the real speed limit: the speed limit is in fact the engine speed limit! And some people think that
same time, Also, do not go a long way on a certain speed, whether high or low speed. By the way, the shift, although this is not a run-in content. Difficult shift to vehicle speed, engine speed and not to speed section is the best design for each block the efficiency of his section. Paying the money saved is not enough compensation for the gasoline engine to poor working conditions caused the loss of life shortening.
2. Gently driving
in the running stage, the requirements of smooth driving all moving parts is good, especially for the running of the cylinder. To avoid a
talking about this, do not know whether you will be clear? In fact, as long as normal and proper driving, you can smoothly run through the stage. Moreover, with the improvement of mechanical manufacturing technology, new car engine piston cylinder walls have been a good fit, the new car running is no longer speaking, be regarded as a great property, it is best in accordance with the

six car to explore ABS ASR ESP
when the ABS (antilock braking system) has just come out, people have the security of its marvel of excellence, there is a car not only how the ABS unit its outstanding safety performance, but also very high quality. Today, the installation of ABS in the car is already quite common, economy cars are also equipped with ABS. And with the safety performance of vehicles have become increasingly demanding, some of the more advanced and broader scope of protection of the safety device after another, among them the ASR (drive slip system, also known as the traction control system) and ESP (electronic control smooth ride system) the most representative, the birth of their safety performance of vehicles has been further improved.
ASR: Acceleration Slip Regulation (traction control system or said)
vehicle traction control by reducing the throttle opening to reduce engine power or the brake control and wheel slip to achieve the purpose vehicles equipped with ASR combination of these two methods to work, which is the ABS / ASR.

ASR is the role of the slide when the vehicle acceleration, the military control in a certain range, thereby preventing the driving wheel speed slide. One is to increase traction of its functions; second is to keep the vehicle driving stability. Driving on slippery roads, no cars ASR acceleration skid when the wheel is easy; after driving the vehicle if it is easy to drift, if it is easy for the direction of the vehicle before the driver lost control. There ASR, the car would not have the time or can be accelerated to reduce this phenomenon. In turn, if there is wheel slippage can cause the vehicle to the side of the shift, when ASR when the vehicle will shift along the correct line.
with ASR in the car, from the throttle pedal to the gasoline (diesel fuel injection pump lever) mechanical connection between the devices to be replaced by electronic throttle control. When the accelerator pedal position sensor and wheel speed signal to the unit (CPU), the control unit will have a control voltage signal, the servo motor and so re-adjust the throttle position signal (or diesel joystick position), then The position signal fed back to the control unit to adjust the brakes in time.
ESP: electronic control system running smoothly in English stands for Electronic StabiltyProgram, it is the function of ABS and ASR extension of the two systems. Therefore, ESP anti-skid device called a current vehicle the most advanced form.
ESP system consists of control unit and steering sensors (monitoring of the steering wheel steering angle), the wheel sensor (to monitor the speed of rotation of each wheel), yaw sensor (monitoring body rotation around the vertical axis of the state), lateral acceleration sensor (to monitor centrifugal force when turning car) and so on. Control unit through which the sensor signals to determine the operational status of the vehicle, and then issue control means the Code. There is only ABS and ESP with ASR car, the difference between them is the ABS and ASR can only respond passively, while the ESP is able to detect and analyze vehicle speed and correct driving errors before they occur. ESP of oversteer or understeer are particularly sensitive, for example, left over when the car in slippery steering (turning too fast) will produce the right side of the drift, the sensor will be quickly felt sliding it back in the right front brake adhesion to produce a reverse torque to keep the original car leaving the driveway.

seven, the layout form of the modern automobile engine automobile engine power
heart, the arrangement of its overall layout of the car the most important component. To meet different requirements, the overall structure and arrangement of the car is not the same. Modern car engines in the car's position according to their layout is divided into front, center and rear of three.
on the truck, the engine front is the most widely used layout. It has the advantage of the versatility of the engine is good, both optional and horizontal line, and can be V-type engine, maintenance is also convenient. Another container floors at low altitudes, the vehicle is relatively low demands on the road. The mid-engine, rear with the front compared to the general poor engine; can only use horizontal engine, maintenance is also very convenient, container flooring is relatively high, relatively high demands on the road.

engine set has the advantage of a more reasonable distribution of axle load, noise and vibration cab light, driver seat height low. The engine behind the most prominent advantage is the result of the cab away from the engine, the engine room almost no noise and vibration. Currently the engine in the truck with rear small, confined to the rear of the car engine when the deformation has been used for the trucks, most cars now use pre-form, the form of car engine has the advantage of using preamble simple control mechanism, engine cooling conditions are good, simply defrost and heating bodies, luggage size larger.

to meet different requirements, the overall structure and layout of modern cars is not the same form by assembly of engines and the relative position of each different form of the modern car engine and drive arrangement typically has the following four :
1. Front engine, rear-wheel drive (FR): the majority of domestic and foreign trucks, some cars and some bus drivers are using this traditional form. It is the front wheel steering, rear wheel drive, the engine output power through the clutch - transmission - transmission shaft to drive the bridge, slowing growth in the post-transfer torque to the rear axle on the left and right, driving the rear wheels make the car run front and rear lines of service, steering and drive separately, the load more evenly distributed.
2. All-wheel drive (NWD): a unique form of off-road vehicles. (Such as BJ2020 Cherokee, etc.). Usually the engine front, after the transmission with sub-actuators, in order to transfer power to all wheels, respectively. All-wheel drive and good power, climbing and off-road ability. But with separate front and rear wheel drive compared to complex, high cost and low transmission efficiency.
3. Front engine, front-wheel drive (FF): 90 is the 20th century, gaining popularity in domestic and foreign cars on the layout. To shorten the length of the vehicle, reducing the quality of cars, often before the engine placed in front axle, the transmission after the move things forward, transmission and drive axle made into one, fixed on the engine next to the power directly to the front wheels, reducing chassis height, to improve high speed handling and stability. Such as the common Audi 100 cars, as well as mini cars (Charade, Alto, etc.) are used front-engine, front-wheel drive powertrain layout, a common front engine, front axle drive cars also have two to the structure: First, the engine and front axle parallel to the axis of transverse type (such as the Charade cars); Second, longitudinal-mounted engine (such as Santana, Audi and other cars.)
4. Rear engine, rear-wheel drive (RR): It seems to be a replica of FF car, the car just before the Maintain such vehicles, the advantages of FF vehicles, but also eliminates the disadvantages of FF vehicles, due to more rational layout of the car, and the temperature of the interior noise and improved, with its unique structure and good performance by the user welcome.